Monash University Handbook 2015 Undergraduate - Units

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate the ability to access, evaluate, interpret and use information appropriately from a variety of sources, especially within their disciplines;
2. Employ skills and strategies for reading a variety of discipline-specific texts: textbooks, reports, research articles and others;
3. Engage in critical and reflective thinking to respond to and construct academic discourses;
4. Manage group dynamics and work effectively in teams to solve problems and generate desired outcomes;
5. Make appropriate choices regarding context, purpose, rhetoric structure, strategies, form and style to communicate effectively for different audiences and academic communities;
6. Revise and refine work in line with academic conventions, clarity and correctness;
7. Demonstrate a degree of independence and integration of skills to produce a research paper in their discipline area.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an appreciation of the centrality of skills development in academic excellence;
2. Access and evaluate information needed appropriately;
3. Use strategies and skills for effective, efficient and critical reading of academic texts;
4. Produce essays that present a well-developed, coherent viewpoint and adhere to the conventions of academic writing;
5. Effectively prepare for and deliver oral presentations;
6. Maximise their learning from lectures, tutorials, reading materials and assessment tasks;
7. Employ a range of skills, including academic reading, thinking and writing to academic tasks in this and other units;
8. Apply teamwork, leadership and independent learning skills through various learning opportunities.

On successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Recognise and be able to apply available strategies for critically analysing media texts as tools for making meaning;
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the various economic, political and cultural forces which shape the practical work of media production;
3. Demonstrate an appreciation of the historical development of media industries;
4. Demonstrate an appreciation of the ways that available frameworks for making sense of media texts contribute to the production of dominant, or common sense, understandings of the world.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Use the practical skills of reading, note taking and arguing in exploring critical perspectives on communication;
2. Demonstrate an understanding of theoretical frameworks and conceptual tools for describing the development of communication technologies;
3. Analyse the social and political uses of communications technologies;
4. Recognise communication as an active production and negotiation of meanings, not just the transmission of information;
5. Identify relations between media texts and technologies, the identities and capacities of producers and audiences, and the aspirations of governments and other powerful social actors.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Critically analyse TV shows by drawing upon skills in textual analysis;
2. Identify the main features of particular TV genres;
3. Apply theories developed in Television Studies to the analysis of TV shows;
4. Evaluate critical debates on television and on particular TV shows;
5. Plan and conduct written work on how meaning is created in TV shows.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Analyse films with particular attention to their main formal and stylistic features;
2. Identify techniques used to create meaning in films;
3. Apply theories from Film Studies to facilitate the analysis of films;
4. Evaluate critical debates on cinema and on particular films;
5. Plan and conduct written work on how meaning is created in cinema.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should have:

1. Developed an understanding of how gender operates as a category of analysis and an understanding of the range of critical and analytical approaches associated with the field of Women's Studies;
2. Gained an understanding of the gendered dimensions of contemporary social debates;
3. Developed research and library skills that will enable them to locate, assess and organise basic resources relevant to the field;
4. Developed skills in group work and project organisation;
5. Developed writing and communication skills that will enable them to examine and respond critically to key texts and debates in the field.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Describe the major historical events and political conflicts of the twentieth century as studied in the unit;
2. Identify and locate historical places on maps;
3. Describe the main ideologies of the twentieth century;
4. Explain the role played by these ideologies in the events and conflicts studied in the unit;
5. Analyse the causes and consequences of major events and political conflicts of the twentieth century;
6. Interpret primary and secondary documents through developing critical reading skills;
7. Communicate ideas and arguments in verbal form;
8. Write research reports and essays.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Identify the most important debates about globalization and its likely development;
2. Explain the concept of the (nation)-state and evaluate the impact of globalization on the state;
3. Explain why globalization has produced such a diverse group of opponents;
4. Evaluate the causes and impacts of current global trends;
5. Communicate ideas and arguments in verbal form;
6. Write research reports and essays.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a news story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate evidence in the print and audio-visual media;
2. Demonstrate an ability to select an advantageous medium for presentation, and report in a clear, concise and factual way using news conventions in at least two media;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with print and video journalism, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce print and video journalism;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in different media.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a news story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate evidence;
2. Demonstrate an ability to select an advantageous medium for presentation, and report in a clear, concise and factual way using news conventions in at least two media;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with radio journalism, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce radio journalism;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in different media.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Apply key political economic theories to current issues and problems;
2. Explain the difference between the dangers posed by market failures and government failures;
3. Identify actors that are positively and negatively impacted by different types of economic redistribution;
4. Communicate ideas effectively in both face-to-face and online environments;
5. Assess the strengths and weaknesses in own and peer's writing;
6. Collaborate with peers on a major project using effective teamwork and online collaborative technologies;
7. Connect the theories covered in class to ongoing research by unit instructors and expert bloggers;
8. Identify and resolve divergent values in pursuing a particular economic goal.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Explain and demonstrate how the media influence society and culture;
2. Explain and demonstrate the particular impacts of mobile media on youth;
3. Critically evaluate and analyse academic sources in relation to relevant theories, concepts, and case studies;
4. Independently identify, evaluate, and critically assess non-academic sources in relation to relevant theories, concepts, and case studies;
5. Contextualise and explain how mobile media relate to diverse global cultural, social, political, and economic contexts.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Identify the conventions associated with film genres;
2. Evaluate the differences between Western and non-Western works classified under a particular genre;
3. Interpret genre using concepts like intertextuality and hybridity, and how they are part of what constitute a genre;
4. Write a detailed research into a specific genre;
5. Explain the ways in that genres are socio-culturally and historically determined and often ambiguous and tend to encompass divergent, even contradictory;
6. Evaluate the ambiguous nature of genres in terms of their apparently contradiction; i.e. being bound by certain conventions while simultaneously transgressing them.

On successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Recognise, identify and describe the assumptions and arguments making up the theoretical approaches introduced in the unit;
2. Demonstrate a capacity to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to media and communication theory;
3. Demonstrate a capacity to analyse different media and media industries by applying different theoretical approaches.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students will have:

1. Demonstrated an ability to analyse textual representations in terms of, including narrative form, aspects of literary theory (authorship, postmodernism, psychoanalysis);
2. Understand literature's relation to historical and social contexts;
3. Develop an understanding of a range of critical and theoretical approaches to literary studies and their place in the wider field of cultural studies.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Identify the diverse factors that motivate people to cross borders;
2. Evaluate alternatives to current migration policies;
3. Identify the political factors that determine a country's migration policies;
4. Explain the relationship between host country migration policies and acculturation strategies among immigrants;
5. Analyse the role of international organizations in resolving refugee crises;
6. Interpret primary and secondary documents through developing critical reading skills;
7. Communicate ideas and arguments in verbal form;
8. Write research reports and essays.

Students successfully completing the unit should have developed:

1. Understanding of Malaysia's national and people's history as well as community development in terms of their socio-cultural, political and economic aspects
2. Ability to analyse a question and produce a clear verbal or written response
3. A basis for participation in efforts relating to the sovereignty, development and progress of Malaysia with skills of enhanced awareness
4. Understanding of the process of nation-building
5. Understanding of key issues in Malaysia's national identity and
6. Understanding of Malaysia's role and contribution internationally.

Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to demonstrate:

1. The ability to analyse and undertake a workplace task;
2. Enhanced communication skills;
3. The development of skills applicable for working within an organisation;
4. Gained experience in professional ethics (integrating value issues in practice and assessing critically the use of professional knowledge, skills and communication).

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate research and actuality material in the sound medium;
2. Demonstrate an ability to report in a clear, concise, accurate and engaging way using a variety of audio elements and narrative conventions in an audio environment;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with radio journalism, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce radio journalism;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in audio media.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Develop an awareness of the history, impact and relevance of journalism in Southeast Asia;
2. Develop an awareness of the different models of journalism, the tensions between them and the implications of each form;
3. Develop and awareness of the politics of decolonization in the Southeast Asian context;
4. Identify, observe and reflect on key issues involved in reporting and news production in Southeast Asia;
5. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including on online forums;
6. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines;
7. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current issues and media studies;
8. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in the Southeast Asian region.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a news story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate evidence in the audio-visual media;
2. Demonstrate an ability to select an advantageous medium for presentation, and report in a clear, concise and factual way using news conventions in a video environment;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with video journalism, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce video journalism;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in audio-visual media.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Understand community engagement, the rationale for this engagement, the tactics and strategies for community program development and evaluation;
2. Identify and apply appropriate theoretical concepts to the development of an effective public relations campaign;
3. Develop suitable and measurable objectives for public relations campaigns; critically evaluate techniques for campaign effectiveness;
4. Creatively design and implement a public relations campaign for a not for profit or government organisation taking into account intercultural, pressure group lobbying and broader perspectives;
5. Demonstrate effective group/team work by contributing to the planning, research, analysis, and reporting components of a group project, and supporting and encouraging other group members;
6. Evaluate of the historical and cultural circumstances that shape the issues of pertinence in a given society and the methods by which change is advanced, including legal, electoral, and international mechanisms;
7. Write a grant proposal for a community transformation project.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Critically appreciate their post-colonial subjectivities through an involved interaction with literature and contemporary theories of post-colonialism; this will be evidenced from their participation during tutorial sessions;
2. Understand and critically interrogate vital concepts of subjectivity such as hybridity, diaspora, exile, orientalism and post-colonialism through their engagement with text and theory so as to vitalise their awareness of the contemporary and globalised world within which they live;
3. Make informed notions of, and debate on the vicissitudes of post-colonialism and its complementary concepts in both their tutorial interactions and their assignments and exams.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Appreciate the pluralities of genders and sexualities and how they are shaped by cultures and religions practised in Southeast Asia;
2. Analyse lived experiences of the socially excluded through the critical lens of feminist and gender theories;
3. Develop independent research skills in under-researched areas of study and the ability to present a cogent argument in both oral and written formats.

Students successfully completing this unit should be able to:

• Evaluate the key debates regarding the origins and impacts of social movements
• Identify the different explanations for the emergence of social movements
• Evaluate the effectiveness of globalized social movements
• Have sound oral and written communication skills and be able to utilize these in debates
• Understand the importance of critical analysis and be comfortable in challenging ideas and arguments.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Analyse the 'star persona' of stars from different periods and national contexts;
2. Explain the significance of specific stars to the films they appear in as well as to the broader social contexts from which they emerge;
3. Identify the main developments in the history of stardom, from the silent cinema to present day celebrity culture and explain the key cultural, political and technological reasons for such changes;
4. Apply to specific case studies theories developed in star studies, such as Richard Dyer's notion of the 'star persona', James Naremore's ideas relating to 'star performance', and a range of concepts focusing on the ideological role of stars and stardom;
5. Evaluate the political and ideological significance of stardom in general and of specific stars in particular;
6. Plan and conduct research into an area of film stardom.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Explain and demonstrate how social media influence human interactions;
2. Use different software for explaining and expressing ideas, concepts and arguments;
3. Work in a team to plan and execute a social media oriented research project;
4. Use relevant theories and concepts to critically assess the place of social media in society;
5. Contextualise and explain how mobile media relate to diverse global cultural, social, political, and economic contexts.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Identify the key rhetoric's informing media regulation and the ways in which they function within and through particular policy debates;
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the historical development and contemporary application of regulatory procedures;
3. Understand the policy issues of ownership, globalisation, convergence, censorship and resistance;
4. Analyse media industries and their policy frameworks;
5. Conduct independent research.

On successful completion of this unit students should:

1. Be able to critically evaluate the range of practices employed in authorial criticism;
2. Understand how theories of authorship have changed in the movement from Romanticism to structuralism;
3. Comprehend the difference between the subject writing and the empirical author;
4. Have a working knowledge of the relationship between film style and authorial expression;
5. Be able to identify the key features of auteur theory and understand how it is used as a means of classification in film theory.

Students successfully completing this unit will have gained:

1. A basic knowledge of a range of contemporary feminist theories of bodies and sexualities;
2. Developed skills in reading and analysing theoretical texts;
3. Enhanced ability to develop and sustain theoretical arguments;
4. Enhanced skills in verbal and written communication.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify key concepts and theoretical perspectives in International Relations and explain the differences between these theoretical models;
2. Compare how different theoretical perspectives in International Relations explain events, the behaviour of key actors and structural developments in the international system;
3. Apply the various theoretical perspectives and conceptual tools studied in this unit to analyse contemporary issues in world politics;
4. Evaluate key debates in International Relations, especially as they apply to contemporary world issues and conflicts; and
5. Present and defend verbal/written arguments on contemporary issues in International Relations, including by reflecting on key sources and references used to develop these positions.

On successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify and interpret the changes that have occurred in how the world economy has been governed since the end of the Second World War;
2. Understand how different political and economic ideas that underpin distinct approaches to global economic governance privilege some actors and normative values at the expense of others;
3. Explain why conflicts occur among states, firms, international organizations, NGOs and other groups over how the global economy is governed;
4. Engage with and evaluate key normative debates on how the global economy should be governed.

Students will meet the objectives of the unit by:

A. Participating actively in tutorial discussions;

B. Reading critically about the topics covered in lectures;

C. Writing and submitting an essay that presents a well-researched and carefully argued analysis of the material covered in the unit;

D. Demonstrating in the examination knowledge and understanding of key concepts and theoretical debates on global economic governance and their application to different case studies.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Identify trends in coverage of international crises by the global news media;
2. Identify various state and non-state actors and their roles in a crisis;
3. Critically analyse the goals and motivations of various actors during a crisis;
4. Collaborate effectively with peers in a small group environment;
5. Analyse the role of international organizations in resolving international crises;
6. Interpret primary and secondary documents through developing critical reading skills;
7. Communicate ideas and arguments in verbal form;
8. Write research briefs and persuasive press statements.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a news story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate evidence;
2. Demonstrate an ability to report in a clear, concise, accurate and engaging way in at least two media;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with news reporting, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce news reports;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in different media.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an ability to identify and research a business / industrial / economic story, conduct interviews and gather appropriate evidence in the appropriate medium;
2. Demonstrate an ability to select an advantageous medium for presentation, and report in a clear, concise and factual way using news conventions in at least two media;
3. Identify, observe key ethical and legal obligations associated with business / industrial / economic journalism, and reflect critically on their own and others' performance in this regard;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including online forums, to produce business / industrial/ economic reports;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines, and report under pressure;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current affairs and media issues;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices in in the field of business, industry and economics.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students should be able to:

1. Develop an awareness of the major trends affecting the production and distribution of global media forms;
2. identify, observe and reflect on key issues involved in the reporting and news production at a global level;
3. Understand how there are different models of journalism and the tensions and possibilities of these models;
4. Work independently and collaboratively in learning and production processes, including on online forums;
5. Demonstrate an ability to set and meet deadlines;
6. Demonstrate an awareness of local, national and international people and events relevant to current issues and media studies;
7. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the capacities, limitations and socio-professional implications of journalistic practices globally.

On successful completion of this unit students will have:

1. An understanding of a range of practices and techniques in contemporary writing through reading, analysis and practice;
2. Refined and extended communication and writing skills across a number of literary and other forms and for a variety of audiences;
3. Skills in editing, proofing and preparation of copy for publication;
4. Advanced writing and reading skills as a member of an Internet writing group;
5. A dossier of research, ideas for writing and examples of drafts and finished work at the end of the unit.

On successful completion of the unit students will have:

1. An ability to experiment with a range of writing structures and techniques, and to assess these writing strategies in terms of their effectiveness and creativeness;
2. Skills in researching and critically reflecting on writing projects, and an appreciation of the importance of the research and exegetical stages in the creative writing processes;
3. Skills in editing, proofing and preparation of copy for publication; advanced writing and reading skills as a member of an Internet writing group; and
4. A dossier of research, ideas for writing and examples of drafts and finished work at the end of the unit.

Students will:

1. Commence planning, conducting and reporting on research in their Honours discipline;
2. Demonstrate satisfactory progress in the planning, implementation and reporting of their research;
3. Demonstrate satisfactory progress in their command of the research literature relating to their research project.

Students will:

1. Plan, conduct and report on research in their Honours discipline;
2. Demonstrate a practical understanding of the ethical issues associated with conducting research, where relevant;
3. Demonstrate a command of the research literature relating to their research project.

The objective of this unit is for students to develop critical awareness of theoretical, ethical and IP issues relevant to research in industry and academic settings and to do so in the process of developing a comprehensive research proposal based on an industry issue.

Upon completion of the unit, students should have acquired:

1. Critical familiarity and competence with major debates in contemporary social and cultural theory;
2. Interdisciplinary proficiency in discussing and debating, in writing and orally, advanced theoretical concepts;
3. Critical relevance of the theoretical debates in connection with their own thesis research projects.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students are expected to have developed:

1. an understanding of definitions of criminal behaviour, including an awareness that the law is not static and changes over time
2. the ability to identify the key characteristics of criminal behaviours and criminal enterprises
3. knowledge about the core theoretical debates and issues of criminal behaviours that focus on individuals, groups and organisations
4. the ability to identify traits about the nature of individuals, groups and organisations that engage in criminal activity
5. an appreciation of the various models available for explaining the relationship between criminality, the individual and society
6. an awareness of the contribution of the criminal behaviour theories to criminal justice policy and practice
7. an understanding of what it means to be a victim of criminal behaviour instigated by individual, group or organisation

By the completion of this unit, it is expected that students will able to:

• Engage in independent research based on texts written in ancient Greek or Latin
• Have a thorough understanding of the history and development of ancient Greek or Latin language
• Have a thorough understanding of the history of Greek or Latin literature (history, poetry, oratory etc)
• Be familiar with a number of genres of ancient Greek or Latin writing and their conventions

Upon successful completion of this unit, students will have acquired:

1. The ability to read around 250 Chinese characters and identify important associated radicals.
2. The ability to write around 250 Chinese characters in simple composition.
3. The ability to use oral/aural skills necessary for communication in a small number of everyday practical situations (approximates to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages A1).
4. The ability to use the pinyin Romanisation system.
5. A basic critical understanding of Chinese culture and customs as they relate to daily life.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students will be able tohave acquired:

1. The ability to read around an additional 250 Chinese characters (500 in total) and identify important associated radicals.
2. The ability to write around an additional 250 Chinese characters in simple composition (around 500 in total).
3. The ability to use oral/aural skills necessary for communication in a range of everyday practical situations (approximates to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages A1+).
4. The ability to use the pinyin Romanisation system.
5. A critical understanding of Chinese culture and customs as they relate to daily life from a cross-cultural perspective.

1. Demonstrate an understanding of key concepts and frameworks.
2. Identify key global issues and relate these to different disciplinary contexts.
3. Synthesize a range of sources and apply to understanding different global contexts.
4. Demonstrate collaborative skills and leadership potential.
5. Communicate interdisciplinary knowledge in multiple formats (written, oral, audio-visual).

1. Students who have completed this unit will have an enhanced ability to critically analyse and evaluate the concepts employed in, and the doctrines accepted by, the world's religions, as well as to put forward ideas and arguments of their own in a clear and coherent way. ("Monash Graduates will be critical and creative scholars who apply research skills to a range of challenges, and communicate perceptively and effectively.")
2. Students who have completed this unit will have an enhanced knowledge of theories of religion, and of key issues in contemporary studies of religion.

1. This unit contributes to the making of responsible and effective global citizens who:
• engage in an internationalised world,
• exhibit cross-cultural competence, and
• demonstrate ethical values. (Cf. Monash Graduate Attributes).

Having a basic grasp of the world's religions is part of cross-cultural competence (and is a basic requirement for responsible and effective global citizens). And the development of tolerance of diverse religious beliefs is a basic component of ethical maturity.

2. Students who have completed this unit will have a deeper understanding of the history, core teachings and central practices of a wide range of religious traditions. They will be able to identify distinguishing features of these various religious traditions, and to compare points of similarity and difference among them.
3. Students who have completed this unit will also have an enhanced ability to critically analyse and evaluate the concepts employed in, and the doctrines accepted by, the world's religions, as well as to put forward ideas and arguments of their own in a clear and coherent way. ("Monash Graduates will be critical and creative scholars who apply research skills to a range of challenges, and communicate perceptively and effectively.")

Upon successful completion of this unit students should have met the following objectives: Communicative Competence and linguistic knowledge and skills:

1. Use the basic speaking, listening, reading and writing skills needed to communicate in a limited range of situations referring to the present, future
2. Talk about, write about and understand others talking about self, family, studies and basic needs
3. Communicate effectively in French, with a minimum of misunderstandings, in a limited range of situations in France and Australia e.g. carrying out everyday tasks such as shopping, eating out, travelling, attending university
4. Skim read or read in detail straightforward, short texts in French e.g. advertisements, cartoons, brochures
5. Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic structures and sounds of the French language e.g. present and near future tenses, articles, adjectives
6. Demonstrate a knowledge of a range of vocabulary appropriate to the situations described above
7. Develop an awareness of different language learning strategies
8. Adopt learning strategies most appropriate to their preferred learning style. Socio-cultural awareness
9. Acquire a greater critical knowledge and understanding of modern French society, its values and their evolution
10. Develop a critical understanding of issues of identity in France since the beginning of the 20th century
11. Develop an explicit understanding and more sophisticated practice of text analysis, especially in relation to film
12. Develop individual and cooperative research skills.

Upon completion of this unit students should have met the following objectives in the following areas:

Communicative Competence and linguistic knowledge and skills:

1. Use the basic speaking, listening, reading and writing skills needed to communicate in a range of situations referring to past, present and future: talking about, writing about and understanding others talking about self, family, studies, accommodation, travel and leisure activities
2. Communicate effectively in French, with a minimum of misunderstandings, in a range of situations in France and Australia e.g. staying with a host family in France, receiving an exchange student in Australia, carrying out everyday tasks such as shopping, eating out, travelling, attending university, etc
3. Skim read or read in detail straightforward, short texts in French e.g. advertisements, cartoons, brochures, informal correspondence, short newspaper articles or extracts from longer texts
4. Demonstrate a knowledge of the key structures and the sounds of the French language, e.g. past, present and future tenses, pronouns, articles, adjectives, adverbs
5. Demonstrate a range of vocabulary appropriate to the situations described above
6. Develop an awareness of different language learning strategies
7. Adopt learning strategies most appropriate to their preferred learning style
8. Develop the strategic skills needed to operate effectively in the communicative situations described above.

Socio-cultural awareness:

9. Acquired a greater critical knowledge and understanding of modern and contemporary French society, its culture, values and their evolution
10. Developed a critical understanding of a specific area of study of French studies as a discipline addressing French culture and society
11. Developed an explicit understanding and more sophisticated competence appropriate to their year level in the theory, practices and discourses involved in analysis of that area of French studies, and
12. Developed individual and cooperative research skills.

1: On completion of this subject and its sequel in semester 2, students should have acquired a basic German vocabulary of about 2000 words; be able to engage in basic German conversations, e.g. introducing oneself and others, asking about someone's nationality, job, age, ordering meals in a restaurant, giving directions, describing things etc.; have acquired a practical knowledge of three of the four grammatical cases of German, of the present and perfect tenses and of the basic sentence forms (statement, question, imperative), including use of modal verbs; be able to write letters and simple descriptions of holidays etc.
2: On completion of this subject and its sequel in semester 2, students should have gained a basic understanding and first insight into basics of modern German history, culture and literature.

1: On completion of this subject and its sequel in semester 2, students should have acquired a basic German vocabulary of about 4000 words; be able to engage in basic German conversations, eg introducing oneself and others, asking about someone's nationality, job, age, ordering meals in a restaurant, giving directions, describing things etc.; have acquired a practical knowledge of three of the four grammatical cases of German, of the present and perfect tenses and of the basic sentence forms (statement, question, imperative), including use of modal verbs; be able to write letters and simple descriptions of holidays etc.
2: On completion of this subject and its sequel in semester 2, students should have gained a basic understanding and first insight into basics of modern German history, culture and literature.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will be able to:

1. Understand basic grammatical structures of the Indonesian language
2. Consider cultural influences on the use of the Indonesian language
3. Use Indonesian to communicate everyday needs with particular emphasis on introductions and family
4. Apply acquired learning skills to new language learning environments
5. Use the Internet and associated electronic tools to obtain information about aspects of language and culture related to Indonesia.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will be able to:

1. demonstrate greater accuracy in basic grammatical structures of the Indonesian language
2. discuss some of the cultural and historical developments that have helped shape Indonesia
3. extend their use of Indonesian to communicate everyday needs with particular emphasis on travel
4. apply acquired learning skills to new language learning environments
5. demonstrate greater ability in the use of the Internet and associated tools for research on aspects of language and culture related to Indonesia.

Upon completing Japanese Introductory 1, students will be able to:

1. Understand simple greetings, self-introductions, and simple dialogues, based on routines practiced in class.
2. Read simple and familiar texts written in hiragana, katakana and basic kanji.
3. Participate in interactions, using basic vocabulary and grammar practiced in class.
4. Write/type simple sentences using hiragana, katakana and approximately 60 kanji,.
5. Demonstrate a basic knowledge of some aspects of Japanese society and culture.
6. Apply basic research skills to find relevant information about given topics, organise, synthesise it and communicate it.

Upon completing Japanese Introductory 2, students will be able to:

1. understand basic conversations about familiar topics and simple classroom instructions.
2. understand short texts written using basic vocabulary and grammar practiced in class.
3. demonstrate a knowledge about casual speech and writing styles, such as diaries and emails to friends.
4. talk about familiar topics using vocabulary and expressions learned in class.
5. talk about their experiences and schedule in more detail, based on routines practiced in class.
6. write about personal and familiar topics using vocabulary and grammar practiced in class
7. write/type 150 kanji, including approximately 90 new kanji.
8. further develop basic knowledge of some aspects of Japanese society and culture.
9. apply basic research skills to find relevant information about given topics, organise, synthesise and analyse the information and communicate it in written form.

Upon completing this unit, students should be able to:

1. Participate in simple social conversations in Korean
2. Use basic 'survival' Korean for traveling in Korea
3. Communicate basic information about themselves and family members
4. Read and write simple Korean
5. Demonstrate a basic understanding of Korean culture and society, through theoretical frameworks
6. Develop a critical awareness of various issues arising in the globalised world, including rapid changes in current and future work places

Upon completing this unit, students should be able to:

1. competently participate in simple Korean conversations about everyday life and familiar topics
2. make requests, and express agreement and refusal
3. read and write in defined contexts
4. demonstrate an increased understanding of Korean history, culture and society
5. develop basic learning strategies that will prepare them for life-long learning

On completion of this subject, students will be able to:

1. Converse in Spanish for 5 to 10 minutes about present and future activities.
2. Use the following tenses: the present habitual, the present progressive and the informal future.
3. Write compositions of up to 100 words in Spanish, with the help of a Spanish-English dictionary and a reference grammar.
4. Engage in conversations and discussions in Spanish, about themselves, their family and friends
5. Read and comprehend texts in Spanish of up to 500 words;
6. Demonstrate an understanding of key aspects of Hispanic cultures and societies.

On completion of this subject, students will be able to:

1. Converse in basic Spanish for 15 to 20 minutes about past, present and future activities.
2. Use the following tenses: the present habitual, the present progressive, the present perfect, preterite and imperfect, and the informal and formal future.
3. Write compositions of up to 300 words in Spanish, with the help of a Spanish-English dictionary and a reference grammar.
4. Engage in conversations and discussions in Spanish, about themselves, their family and friends, Australia and the world at large.
5. Read and comprehend newspaper articles and narrative and descriptive literary texts of up to 1000 words in Spanish.
6. Demonstrate an understanding of key aspects of Hispanic cultures and societies.

This subject, with its second-semester continuation, ATS1212 Ukrainian Studies 2, is intended for students with no previous knowledge of Ukrainian. On completing these subjects, students should have acquired an elementary Ukrainian vocabulary and knowledge of the basic rules of Ukrainian grammar. Students should be able to read and understand uncomplicated texts, to understand basic dialogue, to conduct a simple conversation and to write simple sentences. They should be familiar with some aspects of Ukrainian culture and some simple texts of Ukrainian literature.

On completing this unit, students should have acquired an elementary Ukrainian vocabulary and knowledge of the basic rules of Ukrainian grammar. Students should be able to read and understand uncomplicated texts, to understand basic dialogue, to conduct a simple conversation and to write simple sentences. They should be familiar with some aspects of Ukrainian culture and some simple texts of Ukrainian literature.

Upon successful completion of this unit, learners should be able to: understand, speak and write basic Italian with reference to present, past and future events in a range of everyday situations, read authentic texts for gist or for specific information; have acquired an understanding of basic structural aspects of Italian; have developed an enhanced understanding of language learning and communication strategies. From the first year culture component students should have acquired an overview to key aspects of contemporary Italian culture and society.

Upon completion of this unit learners will be able to develop the four language skills at the appropriate level of competence and further their appreciation of Italian culture. The will be able to interact in simple discussions and talk about aspects of daily life. They will acquire a functional knowledge of all areas of Italian grammar, and be able to read and write with a degree of fluency. Learners will acquire a good knowledge of medieval, modern and contemporary Italy through a thematic approach focused on characteristic aspects of Italian culture.

Upon successful completion of this unit, learners should be able to:

1. understand, speak and write basic Italian with reference to present, past and future events in a range of everyday situations
2. read elementary but authentic Italian texts
3. understand basic structural aspects of Italian
4. have an enhanced understanding of language learning and communication strategies, and
5. understand key aspects of contemporary Italian culture and society.

Upon successful completion of this unit, learners should be able to:

1. understand, speak and write basic Italian with reference to present, past and future events in a range of everyday situations
2. read elementary but authentic Italian texts
3. understand basic structural aspects of Italian
4. have an enhanced understanding of language learning and communication strategies, and
5. understand key aspects of contemporary Italian culture and society.

By the completion of the unit students should achieve:

1. A basic understanding of Modern Greek grammar and syntax
2. A basic store of Modern Greek vocabulary
3. To be able to read simple texts in Modern Greek
4. To develop introductory aural skills in Modern Greek
5. To be introduced to Modern Greek culture.

1. Expand on the understanding of Modern Greek grammar and syntax already taught in the first semester (ATS1241/2010)
2. Develop substantially the students' store of Modern Greek vocabulary
3. To be able to read more complex texts in Modern Greek
4. To advance their oral skills in Modern Greek and feel more confident in taking up conversations in Greek
5. To have a more thorough appreciation of Modern Greek society

Upon successful completion of this unit students will:

1. have acquired a basic knowledge of the major stages in cultural evolution to 1000bce.
2. have developed an awareness of the different political, social, economic and religious systems of each of the ancient cultures studied.
3. be aware of the cultural and documentary exchange that operated between various regions and its significance.
4. be aware of the range of material - monuments, artefacts, texts - available for use in the reconstruction of ancient societies, and their limitations.
5. understand the different methods employed in reconstructing the past.
6. demonstrate basic training in the critical appraisal of source material of all kinds.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will have:

1. acquired a basic knowledge of issues relating to cultural complexity in a wide range of forms and in different regions.
2. developed an awareness of the different political, social, economic and religious systems which each of these cultures developed.
3. an awareness of the cultural exchange which operated.
4. an awareness of the range of material - monuments, artifacts, texts - available for use in the reconstruction of ancient societies.
5. an understanding of the basic methods used in reconstructing past societies.
6. acquired basic training in the development of a critical appraisal of source material of all kinds.

The unit focuses on the theoretical, political and legal dimensions of Aboriginal encounters with white Australia and provides students with foundational knowledge required to undertake further Indigenous Studies. On successful completion of this subject, students will:

1. have gained a broad understanding of the historical, political and legal dimensions that have shaped the colonial encounter between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people
2. have gained an understanding of the theoretical ideas that have shaped understandings of the colonial encounter.
3. have gained an understanding of the manner and extent to which contemporary Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal race and gender relations remain influenced by earlier colonial relations
4. have developed an ability to reflect on their own relationship to questions of race and gender and the contemporary paradox of 'the frontier' and 'postcolonialism'
5. have developed an ability to critically analyse historical and contemporary sources
6. have engaged in written and oral presentations which reflect these understandings as well as an awareness of the value of interdisciplinary approaches to a study of this kind.

On successful completion of this subject, students will:

1. Be able to express the knowledge and understandings they have gained of the diversity of Indigenous Australian cultures, histories and social organisations and of Indigenous perspectives and identities.
2. Understand the impact of colonisation upon these, and Aboriginal responses to this.
3. Have an awareness of the value of interdisciplinary approaches to a study of this kind.
4. Have developed skills of organising materials and using these to write in a coherent way on topics of their choice, with suitable referencing of sources consulted.

On the successful completion of this unit students will have developed:

1. An understanding of the social, political and economic impact, that the current education system has on Indigenous Australians.
2. Students will have a working knowledge of education policies and practices and research methodologies and how they are perceived by Aboriginal people.
3. Students will also have developed an awareness of the value of the bi-cultural approach to a study of Indigenous education.

Additionally, they will have an understanding of the key concepts of 'Two Way Learning' and self-determination in the delivery of relevant education Curricula to Indigenous Australians.

4. Students will be able to locate relevant resources and assess the value of those resources and construct effective oral and written arguments on Indigenous education in Australia.

Students in this subject can expect to learn:

1. to formulate and critically evaluate concepts for understanding differences, similarities, connections and contestations between cultures,
2. to perceive the ways in which knowledge about cultural comparisons enables us to be critically aware of our own cultural practices;
3. to appreciate some of the important features of a number of Indigenous cultures in Australia;
4. to discuss some of the key contemporary issues which exist in the relationship between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous cultures in Australia and
5. to write clear and well-supported responses to various questions posed through exercises and essays.

Students in the unit can expect to:

1. formulate and critically evaluate concepts for understanding difference;
2. develop awareness of how culture and difference are significant in the development of solutions for problems affecting individuals, collectives and their environments;
3. gain a grasp of anthropological concepts and methods;
4. develop the critical and expressive skills required to write clear, coherent and original responses to various questions posed through exercises and essays.

1. To develop students' understanding of the historical and cultural processes that have shaped various aspects of contemporary Australia.
2. To employ fieldwork and a range of relevant sources within the field of Australian Studies in gaining insight into past and current events that have shaped contemporary Australia.
3. To think, discuss and write critically about the issues that affect Australian politics, culture and society.
4. To develop students' independent research and presentation skills on related subjects.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. an appropriate level of understanding of a range of theoretical orientations to human behaviour
2. the ability to discriminate between evidence, interpretation, opinion and fact in evaluating these theories and concepts
3. an ability to communicate, orally and in a written form, their understanding of these theories and concepts.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. an appropriate level of understanding of a range of theoretical orientations to the social settings of, and influences on, human behaviour across the lifespan
2. the ability to discriminate between evidence, interpretation, opinion and fact in evaluating these theories and concepts
3. the ability to communicate, orally and in a written form, their understanding of these theories and concepts.

On successfully completing this unit, students will have: a familiarity with contemporary and historical debates about new technologies in bioethics; skills that enable them to think critically about some key ethical issues raised by current and future developments in biotechnology and genetics; and the ability to make informed judgements about those ethical issues.

On successfully completing this unit, students will have:

1. familiarity with the key philosophical approaches to discrimination, autonomy, responsibility and equality as they apply to debates within bioethics;
2. skills enabling them to think critically about key ethical, policy and legal issues raised by recent advances in medicine and biotechnology;
3. the ability to make informed judgements about those ethical, policy and legal issues.

On completion of this unit, students will have achieved:

1. A good knowledge of Latin grammar;
2. An active vocabulary in Classical Latin;
3. Reading skills in Classical Latin;
4. A learning technique in relation to Latin that will allow them to become autonomous learners of the language;
5. An understanding of the structure of Roman societies and the evolution of Roman culture in the Republican period.

On completion of this unit, students will have achieved:

1. A concrete knowledge of Latin grammar and syntax to allow most Latin texts to be approached successfully;
2. An enhanced active vocabulary in Classical Latin;
3. Reading skills in Latin to allow most Latin text to be approached successfully;
4. A greater understanding of the historical and cultural context of Classical Latin, especially the Republican period.

In this unit teaching staff aim to provide you with a range of readings and practical exercises that help you acquire conceptual frameworks for analysing media texts and media industries. Through close reading, oral discussion and writing exercises you should acquire various practical and conceptual tools for understanding not only the form and content of media texts,but also the structure and operation of the various industries and institutions that make up what we call mass media.On successful completion of this unit students should be able to:

1. Recognise and be able to apply available strategies for critically analysing media texts as tools for making meaning
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the various economic, political and cultural forces which shape the practical work of media production
3. Demonstrate an appreciation of the historical development of media industries
4. Demonstrate an appreciation of the ways that available frameworks for making sense of media texts contribute to the production of dominant, or common sense, understandings of the world.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. use the practical skills of reading, note taking and arguing in exploring critical perspectives on communication;
2. demonstrate an understanding of theoretical frameworks and conceptual tools for describing the development of communication technologies;
3. analyse the social and political uses of communications technologies;
4. recognise communication as an active production and negotiation of meanings, not just the transmission of information;
5. identify relations between media texts and technologies, the identities and capacities of producers and audiences, and the aspirations of governments and other powerful social actors.

In this unit teaching staff aim to provide you with a range of conceptual frameworks for understanding the relationships between media, culture and society.

On successful completion of this unit students should be able to:

1. demonstrate an appreciation of the historical development of media industries;
2. recognise and be able to apply available frameworks for critically understanding the relationships between media, culture and society;
3. demonstrate an understanding of the social, economic, political and cultural factors that shape the production, distribution and consumption of media;
4. demonstrate an appreciation of the ways that the mass media contributes to understandings of the world.

Upon successfully completing this unit, a student will:

1. possess a basic understanding of the field of communications;
2. employ basic concepts in the study of communications;
3. analyze the role of communications in processes of social and cultural change;
4. be able to apply communication analysis to everyday life;
5. be informed about areas of industry and community life where the study of communications is applicable and relevant.

Upon completion of this subject students will have been given the opportunity to gain:

1. A critical understanding of the various facets of crime and the crime problem including what constitutes crime, how society decides which actions should be defined as criminal, what causes people to commit crime and what effect the images of crime have on the community's perception of the crime problem and how it should be addressed.
2. An ability to critically analyse and evaluate theories of crime and to apply them to everyday situations.
3. The ability to write an essay based on rational argument.
4. The skills needed to make an oral presentation.

Upon successful completion of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. A critical awareness of the functioning of the criminal justice system.
2. An insight into the complex workings and a critical awareness of the functioning of the major institutions of the various tiers of the criminal justice system.
3. An understanding of contemporary debates relevant to criminal justice and its future in Australia.
4. The skill to analyse diverse arguments in relation to traditional and alternative forms of policing, sentencing and punishing.
5. The ability to present ideas and write an essay based on rational argument.

Upon successful completion of the unit, students are expected to have developed:

1. a critical understanding of the nature and complexity of crime
2. an insight into the nature of people who engage in criminal activity
3. the ability to critically analyse and evaluate both explanations and theories that attempt to explain the causes and consequences of crime in society
4. the analytical skills needed to think critically and independently about criminal justice issues
5. the skill to analyse diverse theories of crime causation
6. the ability to write an essay based on evidence and balanced argument.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students are expected to have developed:

1. a critical awareness of the functioning of the three major institutions of the criminal justice system
2. a knowledge of reforms to the criminal justice system and of various diversionary alternatives
3. the analytical skills needed to think critically and independently about the criminal justice process
4. the skill to analyse a range of opinions in relation to traditional and alternative forms of policing, sentencing and punishing
5. an appreciation of contemporary and controversial debates relevant to justice issues in Australia
6. the ability to compose an essay based on evidence and logical and balanced argument.

Students successfully completing this unit will develop:

1. Familiarity with concepts, theories and practices within the discipline Theatre Studies
2. Deeper knowledge of theatre history
3. Ability to perform research in theatre history
4. Understanding of the ways in which performance codes of historicized texts might be translated into the processes of contemporary theatre
5. Awareness of the range of communicative languages used on stage, and of the critical discourses appropriate to their description and analysis
6. Ability to articulate critical interpretations of dramatic texts and processes in systematic written argument.

Students successfully completing this unit will develop:

1. Familiarity with concepts, theories and practices within the discipline of Theatre
2. Deeper knowledge of the history of theatre and performance
3. Understanding of the ways in which the physical conditions of performance might shape performance outcomes
4. Ability to embody critical interpretations of performance theories and forms in practical work
5. Capacity to articulate critical and imaginative interpretations of performance texts and processes in systematic written argument and clear, concise oral presentation.

Upon successful completion of this unit, students will have:

1. basic skills in kinesthetic awareness in performance contextualised by readings in various approaches to contemporary physical performance;
2. an embodied understanding of the basic performance elements of movement; space, timing, image and composition and dynamic interaction in ensemble work;
3. an embodied approaches to text;
4. skills and capacities in devising short performance works drawing on foundational physical exercises and improvisation;
5. creative and critical reflection upon and articulation of body-based skills and strategies in performance.

At the completion of this unit, students should have learned:

1. to develop a strong kinaesthetic approach to centering the body, and to centering the voice and breath in the body,
2. to open up the vocal mechanism to the free flow of sound,
3. to isolate and develop awareness of; the tip, back and sides of the tongue, top and bottom lip, and the soft palate,
4. to connect voice to meaning in working with text,

1. Demonstrate a high level of awareness and understanding of the differences in how people communicate in English;
2. Explain factors behind those differences in how people communicate in English;
3. Reflect critically on their own experiences of using English in intra/international and intra/intercultural contexts and unpack any misconceptions or pre-conceived assumptions about communication in English;
4. Demonstrate critically reflective attitudes towards issues of communication in English.

1. Demonstrate a high level of critical understanding of the implications of the role of English as an international language for international communication;
2. Recognise and appreciate the diversity of cultural conventions and notions of politeness speakers of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds bring to communication within international contexts;
3. Demonstrate a high level of understanding of 'interaction as cooperation' in international communication contexts and apply this understanding to their own contexts of communication.

By successfully completing this unit students will:

1. Be able to employ techniques to generate ideas, overcome writer's blocks, and structure argumentation.
2. Acquire or revise basic concepts of grammar, punctuation, spelling, usage and style, and be able to apply these in correcting faults and in developing exposition, authorial voice and expression in essays.
3. Develop research skills in relation to primary, secondary and tertiary sources, both in hard copy and online sources.
4. Develop professional practice in the skills of referencing, quoting, paraphrasing, and the avoidance of plagiarism.
5. Develop techniques of argumentation by studying logic, fallacies, and techniques of persuasion and influence.
6. Acquire skills in the genre of academic writing, such as expositional sequences, rhetorical strategies, register, audience, and authorial voice.
7. Acquire and improve oral presentation skills of content in essays.
8. Develop skills in drafting, redrafting, editing and proofreading.

Students successfully completing this unit will be able to:

1. Identify and use appropriate English in written and oral contexts;
2. Plan and design effective documents and presentations;
3. Understand and apply essential features of English usage (grammar and structure) in writing and editing documents, and preparing and delivering oral presentations;
4. Communicate your academic and other abilities through effective job application letters and resumes;
5. Identify expectations of communication based on understanding of different professional audiences and contexts and apply these in documents and presentations;
6. Understand and apply basic principles of information gathering and research (such as short online surveys) in professional contexts through practical assignments.

On the successful completion of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. A critical understanding of forms specific to broadcast television;
2. An understanding of theories relating to popular culture as they inform television studies;
3. A knowledge of the cultural and economic forces which shape and are reflected in the structuring of Australian and wider television networks;
4. A knowledge of the issues of new media that problematise traditional television theory;
5. An ability to critically engage with written and televisual texts in a clear and confident manner in both written and oral presentation.

By the completion of this subject students will be expected to have:

1. Acquired a sense of the scope of film studies.
2. Demonstrated an understanding of film form and various film genres.
3. Demonstrated an understanding of broad cultural and historical developments in film studies.
4. Developed skills in the analysis of film texts in relation to contemporary film theoretical debates.
5. Developed an ability to recognise and evaluate critical arguments.

On completing this unit you will be able to:

1. Define and describe a range of key challenges including: population movement, diverse urban forms, consumption habits, economic restructuring, labour markets, socio-economic inequality and environmental change;
2. Identify and apply key theories and methods to inform an understanding of economic, social and cultural geographies;
3. Organise and select appropriate information and represent data in maps and tables for a variety of spatial scales;
4. Work autonomously and with others to write and communicate concepts and processes of global and spatial change in a clear manner;
5. Develop an inquiring mind about complex global challenges and appreciate different perspectives on problems and their solutions.