Areas of study by faculty: Science

Applied mathematics is concerned with using mathematical techniques and models to obtain practical solutions to concrete problems. This may help explain observations, or predict what may happen in the future. Applications of mathematics span most branches of modern science, engineering, information technology and commerce. In particular, biology and medicine are important emerging areas where a mathematical approach can reveal new knowledge. Applied mathematicians do not just rely on existing mathematical theories and techniques - often they need to develop new theories or adapt existing approaches to the specific application. They try to view problems in an abstract form, so they can identify links with other applications and build upon the existing knowledge. They also use computational techniques to understand the solution better and reveal its properties. A key feature of applied mathematics is its emphasis on the mathematical techniques and approaches used, and what they are able to reveal about each application, rather than a detailed understanding of the application area itself.

The School of Mathematical Sciences offers a comprehensive program of mathematics units at all undergraduate levels. It encompasses a wide range of areas of modern mathematics, from mathematical methods to statistics to pure mathematics, as well as demonstrating the applications of mathematics across a variety of fields. In addition to the major and extended major in applied mathematics, a broader major and extended major is offered in mathematics, along with specialised programs in mathematical statistics, pure mathematics and financial and insurance mathematics. There are cross links between applied and pure mathematics and statistics, and this is reflected in the mix of units that students can select to complete a major or extended major. Our curriculum is continuously updated to ensure that our students are exposed to the latest developments in mathematics, and acquire skills relevant to the current needs of industry.

Applied mathematics is used to solve problems from many branches of science, engineering, information technology and commerce. For example, it can help understand how cells divide, generate new financial tools, or predict weather. By studying applied mathematics at university, students will also develop general skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, modelling, scholarship, analysis, research and creativity, which can be used wherever their career may take them. Mathematics and statistics are also the two cornerstones for decision making and quantitative activities in commerce, industry, education and defence. Successful companies and organisations know their competitive edge depends on the analytical and quantitative skills of their workforce, and therefore seek employees with a sound mathematical training. Applied mathematics graduates work in a variety of fields, such as the finance, computing and insurance industries, medical and scientific research, the public service, journalism and teaching.

Availability

Applied mathematics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• display basic knowledge and key technical skills in advanced calculus, linear algebra, differential equations and computational methods as well as high-level knowledge of and skills in the important techniques, terminology and processes of applied mathematics
• develop, apply, integrate and generate knowledge through abstraction and insight, and use high-level critical thinking skills to model, analyse, use and interpret the mathematics that arises across a range of applications in science, medicine, economics or engineering
• demonstrate skills in the written presentation of a mathematical argument that enable mathematical models, concepts, processes and results to be communicated effectively to diverse audiences.

Applied microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Students will learn about their structure and way of life, how they interact with people and other living organisms in both harmful and beneficial ways and how they can be harnessed and utilized for industries such as the food and pharmaceutical industry. The field is at the core of game-changing new developments occurring in modern molecular biology. It is also vital to our ability to arrest emerging health issues - e.g. influenza outbreaks, SARS, ebola and the rise of antibiotic resistance in medically important bacteria.

Our teaching labs have state-of-the-art equipment and facilities for practical training. Practical classes in microbiology are designed to provide laboratory skills in safe handling of microorganisms, experimental procedures illustrating their properties and functions, laboratory diagnosis, and genetic manipulation and expression. This hands-on approach will ensure that students are well prepared for the job market. Our lecturers are all active researchers as well as teachers, ensuring each course taught at Monash reflects the most recent advances in the various microbiology disciplines.

Applied microbiology is integral to many areas of science and industry including biomedical science, biotechnology, ecology, food fermentation and food safety, and the pharmaceutical industry. Graduates with a major in applied microbiology find employment in medical research companies and institutes, hospitals, government departments, universities, and the food and beverage industry.

Availability

Applied microbiology is listed in the Bachelor of Science at Malaysia as a major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate a broad understanding of the diversity and range of microorganisms, the interactions between humans and microorganisms, the role of microorganisms in industrial and environmental processes, and their role in the development of the techniques that underpin modern molecular biology
• demonstrate proficiency in a set of core microbiological and molecular biological technical methods, including both an understanding of the principles of the methods and their utilisation in laboratory settings.

Astrophysics is the science that endeavours to understand the Universe and its contents through observations and the applications of physical laws. The phenomena we seek to explain include the distribution of matter on the largest scales, and the nature and behavior of celestial objects; these objects include galaxies and quasars, stars and planets, comets, pulsars and black holes. Astrophysics links the smallest and largest objects in the Universe, from cosmic rays to super clusters of galaxies. The subject deals with big questions, such as the ultimate fate of the Universe and the possibility of extra-terrestrial life. We address these questions by using theory, observations made with the largest telescopes and calculations done on the world's largest supercomputers. Astronomical observations are made using a multitude of different telescopes located around the globe and in space. These telescopes gather data from across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

Monash is home to world-leading experts in observational and theoretical astrophysics, whose expertise contributes directly to the content of the undergraduate astrophysics program. The program will introduce you to all of the skills and tools required in modern astronomy and astrophysics, from observing with sophisticated telescopes to the development of numerical codes for supercomputers. We are also developing new ways of teaching physics and astronomy. At first year this centres on the Physics and Astronomy Collaborative-learning Environment (PACE). First year classes are held in the PACE Studios which are custom-designed to encourage independent learning, and to promote the problem solving, effective communication and team work highly valued by employers. We are forging a community of students who are proactive learners, able to apply their knowledge and skills in creative ways.

Modern astrophysics draws heavily on physics, mathematics, computation and numerical analysis, and the Monash astrophysics program provides excellent training in both contemporary science and cutting-edge problem-solving. So our graduates find work in areas that require analytical people with highly developed problem-solving skills; this includes government, finance, business, private industry, science journalism and teaching, as well as research laboratories, universities and planetariums. For those who wish to pursue studies beyond their undergraduate degree, our postgraduate program can equip those who intend to pursue a professional career in astronomy or astrophysics.

Availability

Astrophysics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major and extended major will be able to:

• explain how knowledge in astrophysics is constructed as part of continually evolving conceptual frameworks developed from observation, mathematical analysis and numerical modelling, and built around a core of unifying fundamental concepts
• appreciate astrophysics as a creative, social endeavour which provides intellectual pleasure and contributes to society and its development through applications to past, current and future technologies
• demonstrate the effective use of specialised astronomical equipment, including telescopes and their instrumentation
• gain employment requiring any combination of experimental, numerical, computational, analytical, and problem solving skills, or undertake further learning in astronomy and astrophysics related disciplines.

Atmospheric science explores the structure and evolution of the atmosphere, and includes addressing how we forecast our weather as well as how we understand the climate. Weather and climate are both critical to understanding the natural environment and how it is changing under anthropogenic influences. Atmospheric Science is an interdisciplinary science that draws on the strengths of environmental science, applied mathematics and physical geography and applications of concepts in physics and chemistry.

The major offers a balance of field work, data analysis, theoretical research and advanced modelling that is taught by experts in the field and which is supported by state of the art facilities. People who study atmospheric science can expect to work in closely-aligned sectors such as the Bureau of Meteorology or consultancies that deal with weather and climate, or in disparate industries such as risk management for banks and insurance companies.

Availability

Atmospheric science is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• understand the physical theory of the Earth's atmosphere, its relation with climate and weather forecasting, and how it can be constructed from basic principles using mathematical analysis and numerical modelling
• demonstrate high-level knowledge and skills of the important techniques, terminology and processes of at least one area of atmospheric science such as clouds, weather forecasting, large-scale weather, climate variability, Australian atmospheric environment and the earth boundary layer
• understand the importance of atmospheric sciences to a range of environmental issues, including climate change.

Biochemistry explores the chemical components, reactions, structures and processes that form the foundation for all living matter in order to understand the molecular events that underlie biological processes. These are important in human, animal and plant biology, medicine, agriculture, forensic science and biotechnology. Biochemistry draws on biology, chemistry and physics, providing a key interface between these fields and opens up our understanding of the causes of disease and provides the basis of the development of effective treatments. It interfaces with chemistry, cell biology, biotechnology, bioinformatics and mathematical modelling and has many applications in leading edge research and technology.

The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has been ranked as the premier department in its discipline since the inception of Australian Research Council benchmarking of Australian departments in 1998. Our researchers have made strong contributions to the fields of structural biology, molecular cell biology, infection and immunity, cancer biology and metabolic diseases, among others. Student experiences, while undertaking Biochemistry at Monash, reflect that they are taught by leading researchers and educators, and receive up-to-date expertise enabling them to have the knowledge and skills for further study, research training and productive employment.

Biochemists find employment in many areas including national and international university or research institute laboratories, hospitals and diagnostic laboratories and the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and food manufacturing industries, as well as media communications and publishing, and government departments and agencies.

Availability

Biochemistry is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

The biochemistry minor, major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major and extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate broad knowledge of the biomolecules, machinery and information flow within living cells, and an appreciation of how these underpin all biological processes, in both normal and diseased states
• demonstrate knowledge in specialist areas of biochemistry including: metabolic regulation, proteins and structural biology, bioinformatics, advanced molecular biology, signal transduction, cell organisation and the roles of organelles, and demonstrate the role of biochemistry in health and diseases such as cancer
• demonstrate proficient technical skills in core biochemical laboratory techniques, and explain and interpret the principles and applications of these methods within the molecular biosciences and associated professional and social responsibilities.

This is an interdisciplinary laboratory-based program that covers broad areas of biotechnology including applications in medical sciences, agriculture, environment, and industry. The Biotechnology major seeks to produce multi-skilled graduates rather than specialists in one particular aspect of biotechnology. It emphasizes a core understanding of the basic sciences and frames this knowledge around fundamental laboratory skills such as modern instrumentation, experimental design and data analysis, biochemical and microbiological techniques, and recombinant DNA technology.

The Biotechnology major offered at Monash University Malaysia trains students in areas of genetics, genomics, plant biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, as well as ethics and regulation, relevant to the rapidly emerging biotechnology industries worldwide. The teaching and learning approaches used include lectures, tutorials, practical classes and field trips. Students are exposed to a variety of scientific communication skills including scientific reports and oral presentations. The practical classes are particularly effective as they use pilot scale equipment to provide the students with hands-on laboratory skills in biotechnology.

The rapid development of the biotechnology industry worldwide has created exciting and rewarding career opportunities in health care, drug discovery, agriculture, environmental sciences, manufacturing and services, as well as in research and development.

Availability

Biotechnology is listed in the Bachelor of Science at Malaysia as a major or extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the molecular and chemical processes that underlie the wide variety of functions in all forms of life, including micro-organisms, plants and animals
• apply critical thinking, quantitative and qualitative techniques to solve biotechnology problems and demonstrate inquiry and critical thinking, and ethical, social and international understanding in the context of biotechnology
• demonstrate understanding of the fundamental concepts of biotechnology business, intellectual property rights, and the regulatory framework governing the biotechnology industry.

Chemistry is the science of matter and energy - the study of the makeup and structure of substances, how their atoms and molecules react and interact, and how that behaviour can be harnessed to transform materials, medicine, and technology.

Both observation and measurement are essential in chemistry. Our chemistry units cover aspects of synthetic, analytical and physical chemistry with emphasis on the environment, materials, medicine, biology, and sustainability. All our units involve laboratory work in addition to lectures and tutorials, and are undertaken in our new and state of the art Green Chemical Futures building.

The School is amongst the top 50 Chemistry Departments in the world. We place a strong emphasis on research, innovative teaching and science education, developing students in modern chemical practice, problem solving, as well as oral and written communication skills.

Chemistry is considered a core science and the foundation for more specialised disciplines. This means graduates have a wide range of career opportunities in industry, food and forensic sciences, academia, environmental sciences, teaching and medical research. Your analytical and logical-thinking skills will also be of interest to the legal, financial, and commercial worlds.

Availability

Chemistry is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor, and in the Bachelor of Science at Malaysia as a minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students at Clayton successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate a broad understanding of the major areas of chemistry including: synthetic chemistry, materials chemistry, medicinal and biological chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, sustainable chemistry, and environmental chemistry
• apply the scientific method to generate new knowledge in the chemical sciences, and integrate chemistry with other science disciplines to recognise and solve scientific and technical problems
• communicate effectively the importance of chemistry and its application in everyday life; including generation of new chemicals and materials, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, new energy sources, and environmental protection and sustainability.

Computational science is the construction and application of mathematical models, simulation, numerical methods and data analysis techniques to solve scientific problems using computers. It is highly relevant to all scientific study as computational techniques, algorithms and data visualisation are now deeply ingrained in aspects of all sciences. This scope ranges from understanding the interactions of sub-atomic particles through to our understanding of the processes that shape stars and galaxies, from the molecular basis of life, through to the processes that govern outbreaks of epidemics, the sustainability of ecosystems and the dynamics of the biosphere. No area of cutting edge science today is conducted without the assistance of computational science techniques. Computational science at Monash leads students from the theoretical and practical fundamentals of computer science and algorithmic problem solving, to advanced programming techniques, 3D computer graphics, visualisation and intelligent systems.

Monash is the only Group of Eight university with a dedicated IT faculty. In Computer Science and Information Systems, Monash is consistently ranked amongst the top universities worldwide by international rankings. You will 'learn by doing', using cutting-edge technology in collaborative studio environments. You will learn to think creatively and analytically, from some of the world's best academics in the field.

Computational science is now fundamental to all science disciplines. Gaining expertise in this field will enhance any student's job prospects and career potential in biological, physical, mathematical and biomedical science, and in the sciences related to the earth, atmosphere and environment. Computational science skills also have the potential to facilitate students moving into new discipline areas such as the Humanities and Creative Arts where computational techniques are becoming increasingly relevant in fields such as Social Science, Archaeology, Architecture, Music, Visual Art.

Availability

Computational science is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

The computational science major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2004 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Computer Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate understanding of the theoretical basis of computer science and a knowledge of computational problem solving strategies
• demonstrate the ability to systematically analyse scientific problems, then develop, design and analyse algorithms to solve them
• implement substantial pieces of efficient software to solve computational problems.

Developmental biology is one of the most exciting and fast-moving fields in modern biomedical science. It is the discipline concerned with the development of an adult organism from a single cell. The study of developmental biology covers such topics as classical embryology, body structure and design, gene expression and molecular mechanisms of development, organogenesis, causes of birth defects, stem cell biology, tissue engineering, regenerative biology and medicine.

Monash University is a renowned leader in human anatomical sciences and internationally recognised for its outstanding research in developmental biology. For decades, Monash has been a world leader in research on fetal development, reproductive biology and in vitro fertilisation.

Built upon these existing strengths and to train the workforce of tomorrow, Monash offers studies in anatomy and developmental biology.

Developmental biology prepares graduates for a wide range of careers. Graduates can apply their knowledge of anatomy and developmental biology directly, such as by choosing a career in the biomedical sphere. Some of these include biomedical research scientist, science educator, policy advisor, IVF scientist and forensic scientist. Alternatively, graduates can use the general skills and knowledge acquired to pursue careers in other areas.

Availability

Development biology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

The developmental biology major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate a broad understanding of the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal human and animal development and developmental programming of disease
• perform and apply practical and laboratory techniques integral to the study of developmental biology incorporating cellular, molecular and imaging techniques.

Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments, which is central to understanding the diversity and organisation of life at the main recognised levels (genes, species and ecosystems). Conservation biology seeks to understand human impacts on these natural patterns and processes, and to devise practical means to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions such as how nutrients move through nature. The escalating global crisis in biodiversity loss is regarded by many people as the most critical and pressing issue ever to face humanity.

Students of Ecology and conservation biology at Monash will engage with the key principles of the discipline, underpinning the exploration of the broad range of fascinating and practically important biological questions that can be addressed by the study of biodiversity. Because lecturing staff are also high quality researchers and teaching occurs in advanced laboratory and field settings, the curriculum is able to address the latest methodologies, technologies and analyses.

Ecology and conservation biology students will be equipped with intellectual, practical and communication skills to gain employment in diverse situations. They may come to work for non-government organisations such as Landcare Australia, in research for universities and organisations such as the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation (CSIRO), or to continue onto more specialised postgraduate studies. They may gain employment developing conservation policy for government environment agencies, in environmental consultancy, or helping mining and engineering companies to limit their environmental footprint. Some find their calling in science communication.

Availability

Ecology and conservation biology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• understand and explain the principles underlying ecological and evolutionary interactions between organisms and their environment
• describe the application of those principles to conservation management, complemented by an appreciation of the role and relevance of ecology in society, in particular in connection with the significant role of biodiversity in sustaining life on our planet
• demonstrate problem-solving by applying analytical and practical ecological skills in diverse environments, encompassing working with plants and animals, designing and implementing laboratory and field methods for their study, and conducting analyses concerned with testing ideas at ecological levels from genes to species to ecosystems.

Environmental science is a discipline that deals with the rapidly changing environmental issues facing the world today. Environmental science at Monash gives students a multi-disciplinary perspective of current environmental challenges, such as climate change, water and land management, resource use and sustainability. Understanding our environment and the biological, geographical and physical processes that occur within it is key to effective management, planning and policy. The extended major in Environmental science equips students with the knowledge and skills to span disciplines and understand interactions between the biosphere and the physical environment. A fundamental understanding of science and the application of this science to address environmental issues are core to Environmental Science at Monash. We begin with a strong basis in environmental biology, environmental earth sciences, chemistry, and the challenges facing the world. The Environmental science major then includes the choice of three streams- Ecology, Climate, and Environmental Earth Sciences-which build upon this knowledge to understand principles and application of ecology, conservation, climate change and earth sciences. Students majoring in Environmental science are equipped with the capability to seek, measure, understand and apply scientific information for the management of our natural systems in a broad scientific context.

Environmental science has wide-reaching applications in society and can contribute to:

• protecting and managing biodiversity
• understanding the impact of climate change on the environment
• developing new approaches to environmental issues that contribute to a healthier society
• identifying and developing cleaner and more sustainable resources for use in industry
• improving the management of natural or cultural areas of importance.

There are many career options available for graduates in environmental science, particularly when combined with a complementary knowledge of environmental legislation, policy, systems analysis, decision-making, or management. Locally and internationally, environmental science graduates are in demand. They work directly in science or management roles for non-government organisations such as Landcare Australia; for environmental consultancies; in research for organisations such as the Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation (CSIRO), or universities; developing policy for government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); in science communication; or helping manage the environmental footprint of local government, industry, or mining or engineering companies.

Availability

Environmental science is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as an extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate an understanding of the methods of environmental science and explain how scientific knowledge is contestable and testable by further enquiry
• recognise and appreciate the significant role of biodiversity in sustaining life on our planet and articulate the role and relevance of environmental science in society
• demonstrate broad knowledge in at least one area of Environmental science such as ecology and conservation biology, climate science or environmental earth sciences and an understanding of the multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary nature of environmental science.

Financial and insurance mathematics is taught jointly by the School of Mathematical Sciences and the Faculty of Business and Economics, to ensure students develop high-level technical and analytical skills that are applicable in the workplace. Experts in this area use mathematical and statistical techniques to understand and assess risk in insurance and financial markets. Like actuaries, they determine the likelihood of specific outcomes and develop strategies that allow businesses and governments to either pursue new business opportunities or insure against risks.

The extended major in Financial and insurance mathematics was introduced at Monash University in response to the national and international shortage of skilled workers in the finance and insurance industries, most notably workers with a rigorous mathematical training.

Financial and insurance mathematics is tailored to prepare students for working in the banking industry, investment firms, insurance companies, and in risk-management roles. However, like other mathematics graduates, they may also work for the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial and Research Organisation (CSIRO), or in business analyst roles, universities, or management consultancy.

Availability

Financial and insurance mathematics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as an extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this extended major will be able to:

• display basic knowledge and key technical skills in advanced calculus and linear algebra as well as high-level knowledge of and skills in the important techniques, terminology and processes of probability, statistics and stochastic processes as appropriate to financial and insurance mathematics;
• develop, apply, integrate and generate knowledge through abstraction and insight, and use high-level critical thinking skills to analyse, use and interpret the mathematics that arises across a range of problems in financial and insurance mathematics, including financial and risk models;
• demonstrate skills in the written presentation of a mathematical argument that enable mathematical, financial and insurance concepts, processes and results to be communicated effectively to diverse audiences.

Genetics at Monash covers a broad scope of genetics and genomics topics, including conservation, developmental and medical genetics, to ensure that students are well prepared for the job market.

Our teaching labs have state-of-the-art equipment and facilities for practical, hands-on training. Our lecturers are all active researchers as well as teachers, ensuring each course taught at Monash reflects the most recent advances in the various genetics disciplines.

Genetics is the study of genes, their structure, function, transmission and evolution, and encompasses a rich and diverse range of research topics. Genetics lies at the centre of biology because the same basic genetic principles apply to microbes, plants, animals and humans. The genetic code provides the blueprint for life and every aspect of biology, from development, physiology and biochemistry through to behavior and ecology, is ultimately controlled by the products of genes and their interaction with the physical environment.

Genetics underpins many exciting areas of science such as biomedical science, biotechnology, conservation biology, and forensics. Graduates with a major in genetics find employment in medical and agricultural research institutes, hospitals, government departments, schools and universities, patent firms, genetic counselling services, forensics laboratories, and biotechnology companies.

Availability

Genetics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor and in the Bachelor of Science at Malaysia as a minor.

The genetics minor, major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate a thorough understanding of the broad principles of genetics and their application through suitable approaches and methodologies at the molecular, cellular, organismal and population levels
• demonstrate advanced practical skills in contemporary experimental methods such as recombinant DNA techniques, gene expression analysis, genetic breeding experiments, analysis of transgenic organisms, genotyping methods, the use of modern laboratory equipment and the application of bioinformatic and genomic approaches
• design laboratory or computer-based genetics experiments, incorporating the principles of effective experimental design and suitable methods for collecting, analysing and interpreting resultant data.

Geographical science investigates the evolving character of the Earth's biophysical and constructed environment in the past, present and future. It is concerned with spatial processes operating in the landscape such as atmospheric circulation, landform change, vegetation dynamics, human land uses, urbanisation, and economic activity. Geographical science includes interdisciplinary analysis that uses methods and techniques from social and physical sciences to find innovative solutions to environmental problems at different spatial scales.

Geographical science at Monash covers a broad range of topics in both physical and human geography. Our graduates are well prepared for a variety of careers in, for example, environmental consultancies, policy development, local, state, and federal govenment, and research organisations. Additionally, transferable skills are developed which are in wide demand within the science and non-science sectors of the economy. Our teaching labs are state of the art and our units combine theory, practical work, and field experiences. The lecturers are noted experts in their fields and make the link between research and teaching.

Availability

Geographical science is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major and extended major will be able to:

• comprehend the major areas of geographical knowledge, including climatology, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science, sustainability theory, urban geography, and principles of sustainability
• discuss means by which geographical knowledge informs approaches to managing the sustainable use of Australian environments
• exemplify how geographical knowledge relates to work in other fields of scientific research
• demonstrate knowledge of how to work with both numerical and spatial or map data, including the use of geographical information systems
• comprehend the significance of geographical variation among locations and environments to the management of human occupation and use of ecosystems and landscapes.

Geosciences is a multidisciplinary science that seeks to understand the Earth's dynamic systems and its physical environment. Major processes on the Earth such as plate tectonics, volcanism, and earthquakes shape our environment, including the atmosphere, biosphere, the Earth's surface and its oceans. Geosciences provides an insight into both present-day processes and how the Earth has changed over geological time which is essential for assessing anthropogenic impacts such as climate change and pollution. Geoscience also provides an understanding of our major resources including mineral deposits, oil and gas, and water.

Geosciences at Monash covers a broad range of topics including geology, geophysics, and environmental geosciences. Careers in geosciences are varied and include mining and mineral exploration, petroleum exploration, marine science, teaching, geological engineering and geotechnical surveys, environmental consulting, and geological survey work. Additionally, transferable skills are developed which are in wide demand within the science and non-science sectors of the economy. Our teaching labs are state of the art and our units combine theory, practical work, and field experiences.

Availability

Geosciences is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• explain the main geological processes that have controlled the evolution of the Earth and the timescales over which they operate
• demonstrate detailed technical field- and/or lab-based skills and understanding in several fields of geoscience
• integrate and apply geoscientific data to analyse challenges and to develop effective solutions in professional contexts.

Human pathology is the study of disease processes, particularly cell death, inflammation, disorders of immunity and neoplasia. This discipline delves into how the body's response to disruption of normal tissue structure and function by injurious agents occurs. A comprehensive understanding of cell injury, inflammation, wound healing, fluid and vascular disorders, growth disorders, and immunopathology are fundamental to all clinical and research disciplines. This knowledge is then utilised to define how organ systems fail during disease and injury, critical for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Human pathology draws upon key disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, immunology and developmental biology and involves the development of skills commonly used in the laboratory such as microscopy, histological staining techniques, diagnosis and problem solving.

Students majoring in Human pathology at Monash University will be exposed to the study of disease mechanisms from a clinical and research perspective. Research has always been the foundation of pathology since understanding disease mechanisms provides us with answers of how to test for a disease in the clinic or laboratory, as well as how we can prevent and treat a specific disease. Monash University has world renowned research in specific disciplines of Pathology such as the Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACB(D.) at the Alfred Monash Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), the various departments at the Clinical Schools, as well as its partner institutes the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Burnet Institute. Students will receive lectures from researchers and clinician-scientists working at the clinical school sites (including its partner institutes) who are at the forefront of translational medicine.

The study of Human pathology is fundamental for medical research or clinical and laboratory medicine. Graduates with a major in Human Pathology may gain employment in biomedical research, diagnostic laboratories in hospitals or private pathologies. Other career paths may include the biopharmaceutical industry, clinical crials, commercial and patent law, research and development, or health administration.

Availability

Human pathology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major.

The human pathology major is not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• Apply terminologies applicable to pathology and describe the courses and natural progress of human disease.
• Outline the current research in disease-specific disciplines and what is currently known about treatment options for various human diseases.

Immunology is the study of the immune system that protects us from harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. It is the basis of why vaccination against deadly diseases works. However, the immune system is also important in many other diseases or disorders, including cancer, allergy, autoimmunity and rejection of transplanted tissues. There is also emerging evidence that links immunity to areas such as cardiovascular disease, mental health and diet. Immunology is central to many aspects of health and researchers are currently investigating how we can treat immune-based diseases and how we can manipulate the immune system to provide better health to individuals.

Immunology provides a solid grounding in the key aspects of the immune system and its role in health and disease. The study of immunology at Monash involves both theory and practical class experiences and delivered by active researchers or teachers with a deep understanding of the immune system.

Immunology can be a standalone subject but also complements many other areas of the biomedical sciences. The knowledge or application of immunology is useful across many areas of academic research, medicine, biotechnology, teaching or areas such as government or patent offices dealing with scientific matters. Graduates will also gain the knowledge to educate others in the community about important social issues related to immunology such as vaccination.

Availability

Immunology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

The immunology major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• define and describe the principle features associated with the structure, development and function of the immune system through theoretical and practical based knowledge
• define the physical, cellular and molecular processes associated with the development of pathologies exemplified by processes of inflammatory, immunological haematological and neoplastic disorders through theoretical and practical based knowledge
• demonstrate the role of science and the scientific process in identifying the key questions, issues and challenges associated with Immunology and immunity or human disease and how this can used to design and examine effective solutions, through written or oral based tasks.

Materials science refers to the understanding and manipulation of materials to benefit technological advances in all aspects of health, engineering and manufacturing industries. Materials science is a discipline that is highly interdisciplinary, and draws upon the fundamental principles from physics, chemistry and biology for the creation of materials with specific, targeted needs.

Materials science course at Monash covers a broad range of topics including crystallography, thermodynamics, biological engineering and solid mechanics, before focusing on real-world applications of the wide of spectrum of materials ranging from polymers, ceramics, metals, metal alloys to biomaterials, nanomaterials and functional materials. Our laboratories have state of the art facilities for practical, hands-on training. Our lecturers are all active researchers as well as teachers, ensuring each course taught at Monash reflects the most recent advances in materials science.

Materials science professionals make a unique contribution to the design of new devices, products and components by developing new materials or by improving existing ones by altering material properties. Materials science essentially underpins careers as metallurgists, plastics engineers, ceramists, adhesive scientists in a variety of industries such as solar energy and battery devices, biomedical implants and drug delivery, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and aerospace and automotive industries.

Availability

Materials science is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate a clear understanding of the relationship between structure, property, processing and performance of various classes of materials (such as metals, polymers, ceramics, nanomaterials and biomaterials)
• gain proficiency in various techniques used in characterisation of materials and recognise the limitations at the experimental level
• integrate the acquired knowledge of materials to understand and extend their functionalities in devices and applications
• recognise the importance of the role materials play in everyday life, especially in developing new devices and manufacturing technologies and in the challenges in addressing sustainability.

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that captures the interplay of data and theory. There are two important parts of statistics - the mathematical theory and the applications of this theory in the real world. Mathematical statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with models involving a random, unpredictable component. Real world applications are many and varied, and allow the making of informed decisions in the face of uncertainty. Statistics turns numerical data into useful - even gripping - information about anything from the effect of a new cancer drug, to our economic performance, to changes in how we partner and reproduce. It allows us to make sound judgements based on evidence rather than gut feelings.

The School of Mathematical Sciences offers a comprehensive program of mathematics and statistics units at all undergraduate levels. It encompasses a wide range of areas of modern mathematics, from mathematical methods to statistics to pure mathematics, as well as demonstrating the applications of mathematics and statistics across a variety of fields. In addition to the minor, major and extended major in Mathematical statistics, a broader major and extended major is offered in Mathematics, along with specialised programs in Applied mathematics, Pure mathematics and Financial and insurance mathematics. There are cross-links between statistics and applied and pure mathematics and this is reflected in the mix of units that students can select to complete a major or extended major. Our curriculum is continuously updated to ensure that our students are exposed to the latest developments in mathematics, and acquire skills relevant to the current needs of industry.

The use of statistics is constantly expanding and a sound knowledge of the discipline is important, even for those who do not complete a major in the area. By studying Mathematical statistics at university, students will also develop general skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, modelling, scholarship, analysis and research, which can be used wherever their career may take them. Successful companies and organisations know their competitive edge depends on the analytical, quantitative and statistical skills of their workforce, and therefore seek employees with a sound mathematical training. When it comes to job opportunities, statistical skills are needed everywhere - from the sports arena and market research to finance, forensics, management consulting and medical research.

Availability

Mathematical statistics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• display basic knowledge and key technical skills in advanced calculus and linear algebra as well as high-level knowledge of and skills in the important techniques, terminology and processes of probability, statistics and stochastic processes
• develop, apply, integrate and generate knowledge through abstraction and insight, and use high-level critical thinking skills to analyse, use and interpret the mathematics that arises across a range of applications of mathematics and statistics in science, medicine, economics or engineering
• demonstrate skills in the written presentation of a mathematical argument that enable statistical concepts, processes and results to be communicated effectively to diverse audiences.

Mathematics is the universal language used to describe, model, understand and even create aspects of the world around us. Mathematics and statistics encompass the formal study of numerical, algebraic and analytical structures, the development of quantitative methods essential for the practice and development of science, engineering, economics and other fields, and the development and utilisation of mathematical and numerical models in various contexts.

The School of Mathematical Sciences offers a comprehensive program of mathematics units at all undergraduate levels. It encompasses a wide range of areas of modern mathematics, from mathematical methods to statistics to pure mathematics, and also demonstrates applications of mathematics across a variety of fields. In addition to the broad minor, major and extended major in mathematics, specialised majors and extended majors are offered in each of applied mathematics, mathematical statistics, pure mathematics, and financial and insurance mathematics. There are cross links between statistics and pure and applied mathematics, and this is reflected in the mix of units that students can select to complete a major or extended major. Our curriculum is continuously updated to ensure that our students are exposed to the latest developments in mathematics. Some of the exciting areas that mathematicians at Monash are working on include mathematical modelling to predict behaviour, analysis using pure mathematics, and stochastic processes involving risk, randomness and change.

By studying mathematics at university, students will also develop general skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, modelling, scholarship, analysis and research, which can be used wherever their career may take them. Analytical and quantitative skills in general are sought by a wide range of employers, and a sound knowledge of mathematics and statistics is important in most other areas of science, economics, medicine and engineering. Mathematics and statistics are the two cornerstones for decision making and various quantitative activities in commerce, industry, education and defence. Successful companies and organisations know their competitive edge depends on the analytical, quantitative and statistical skills of their workforce, and therefore seek employees with a sound mathematical training.

Availability

Mathematics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• display basic knowledge and key technical skills in advanced calculus and linear algebra as well as high-level knowledge of and skills in the important techniques, terminology and processes of mathematics
• develop, apply, integrate and generate knowledge through abstraction and insight, and use high-level critical thinking skills to analyse, use and interpret the mathematics that arises across a range of areas, applications and problems
• demonstrate skills in the written presentation of a mathematical argument that enable mathematical concepts, processes and results to be communicated effectively to diverse audiences.

Microbiology is a highly interdisciplinary science that involves the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae and fungi. Throughout history some of the most important scientific discoveries have been made by microbiologists, including the elucidation of the germ theory of disease, the development of vaccines, the discovery of antibiotics, the demonstration that our genetic material is encoded by DNA molecules and the development of recombinant DNA technology. Microbiology impacts upon a wide range of areas including, human and animal health, the environment, food technology and safety, and the biotechnology industry. Today, like no other time in history, the importance of microorganisms can be seen from the impact of infectious diseases throughout the world, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance, the Human Microbiome Project and the use of microorganisms to provide alternative sources of fuel.

Microbiology at Monash is concerned with the study of microorganisms, their diversity, structure, molecular biology and how they interact with humans and other living organisms in both harmful and beneficial ways. At the undergraduate level the area of study defined as microbiology is designed for students that have a specialised interest in microorganisms and wish to study the field in greater depth. Our lecturers are drawn from the Microbiology department, many world-renowned microbiologists, all of whom focus on elucidating the various mechanisms by which pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious diseases and on the development of new methods for the control and treatment of these diseases.

A Microbiology major opens up a range of opportunities in the field of biomedical sciences and biotechnology. Our graduates will be well prepared for a range of further learning or training activities in microbiology or related areas, including honours studies with a research focus, and are also suitable for employment in a range of disciplines that include teaching, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, agriculture and food production, microbiology diagnostic and analytical laboratories, sales and marketing in the scientific supply industry, other commercial organisations, the media and government bodies. The skills acquired in microbiology provide invaluable experience where critical and analytical aptitude is required.

Availability

Microbiology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

The microbiology minor, major and extended major are not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• describe the range and diversity of microorganisms within the living world, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites that inhabit the natural environment as well as those that colonise human and animal hosts
• demonstrate proficiency in a set of core microbiological and molecular biological technical methods, including both an understanding of their principles and utilisation in laboratory settings
• demonstrate a practical understanding of how microorganisms affect our lives; specifically, their role in the environment and the food industry, in animal production, the importance of infection control and personal responsibility in community health, and the continuing rise of emerging infectious disease as a global public health crisis.

Molecular biology is a fundamental science that imparts an understanding of the biology of organisms at a molecular level. It specifically focuses on the unique features of DNA, RNA and proteins and the interactions that occur between them. Importantly, the field of molecular biology is a fundamental enabling science for most fields of biology and has had a major impact upon virtually all other scientific disciplines, such as biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, anatomy and developmental biology, physiology, immunology and biotechnology.

Molecular biology at Monash University helps to tie together several different discipline areas within the Biological Sciences. An understanding of the molecular underpinnings of life serve to amplify the lessons that may be learned in other disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology and genetics. Our teaching staff are active researchers and educators who apply molecular biology theory and techniques to their current research projects. Together this interdisciplinary team will lead you through molecular biology theory and practical training from the basics to the more advanced. This training will integrate with other science units that are undertaken as part of your major program of study.

Practical classes in molecular biology are designed to provide laboratory skills in genetic manipulation and expression and modern techniques of recombinant DNA technology.

Molecular biology is a fundamental science, which underpins a number of discipline areas. Core theory and skills in this area will open up opportunities to a range of career options in the field of biomedical and biological sciences, and biotechnology. Graduates with a training in molecular biology find employment in research and academia, teaching, industry, and government agencies.

Availability

Molecular biology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a minor. The molecular biology minor is not available in the double degree course Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this minor will be able to:

• demonstrate a broad theoretical understanding of the molecules which make up the blueprint of life and the expression and regulation of genes
• demonstrate advanced practical and technical skills in core molecular biology techniques, recombinant DNA technology, genomic and bioinformatic analysis.

Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms, where the term 'drug' can be defined as a chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which affects a biological system. A knowledge of pharmacology and pharmacological concepts is fundamental to the safe and effective use of medicines by health professionals, is essential for the identification of new therapeutic targets and their pharmacological modulation and can lead to increased understanding of human physiology. An understanding of the way in which drugs produce their effects is becoming increasingly important as the use and abuse of drugs becomes more widespread in our society.

Pharmacology at Monash provides students with an understanding of the major pharmacological concepts and how they can be applied to the use of drugs in the treatment of specific diseases and the development of new therapeutics. A variety of teaching modes are used to provide students with opportunities to understand how variety of chemicals and drugs produce their effects on living organisms and to apply this knowledge to critically evaluate information relating to use of drugs. Those involved in the teaching of Pharmacology at Monash are experts in their fields and engaging teachers, thus the content of the available units includes the most recent advances in pharmacology along with ideas as to where studies in pharmacology can lead.

A major in Pharmacology provides a foundation for a career in drug discovery and development either as part of a reseach program in a university or research institute, within the biotechnology/pharmacuetical industry or in government regulatory bodies. In addition, the units included in this major will be of benefit to those wishing to undertake graduate studies in a range of health profession courses.

Availability

Pharmacology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

The pharmacology minor and major is not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate an understanding of the importance of endogenous substances in health and disease and their relevance as therapeutic targets
• apply concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to explain the action of substances on biological systems
• collect, organise, analyse and interpret pharmacological data meaningfully using experimental and computational approaches.

Physics is the study of space and time, matter and energy. By carrying out experiments and developing conceptual models, physicists seek to provide a fundamental understanding of how our physical Universe works. Physics ranges from the very practical, such as developing biomedical-imaging and optoelectronic devices, to asking curiosity-driven questions about the nature of reality or how complexity arises from simple constituents.

Physics at Monash covers the full spectrum of subjects, from atom optics to x-ray science. Students have access to world-leading researchers and facilities, including the $175M New Horizons Research Centre. We are also developing new ways of teaching physics and astronomy. At first year this centres on the Physics and Astronomy Collaborative-learning Enviroment (PACE). First year classes are held in the PACE Studios which are custom-designed to encourage independent learning, and to promote the problem solving, effective communication and team work highly valued by employers. We are forging a community of students who are pro-active learners, able to apply their knowledge and skills in creative ways.

Physics graduates have varied and diverse career options. They may work as medical physicists in hospitals, as patent examiners, in the financial, business and government sectors. They may work in research roles for universities, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), the Australian Synchrotron, and the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Physicists are also found working in the renewable energy sector, science teaching, climate modelling and science communication.

Availability

Physics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, extended major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major and extended major will be able to:

• explain how knowledge in physics is constructed as part of continually evolving conceptual frameworks developed from experiment and observation, and built around a core of unifying fundamental concepts
• appreciate physics as a creative, social endeavour which provides intellectual pleasure and contributes to society and its development through a multitude of applications to past, current and future technologies
• use a wide range of appropriate equipment and techniques in designing, planning, carrying out and refining experiments
• gain employment requiring any combination of experimental, numerical, computational, analytical, and problem solving skills, or undertake further learning in physics and related disciplines.

Physiology is the study of the way in which the body functions normally, and in dysfunction and disease. It is a core discipline of the biomedical, medical and life sciences. Physiology provides the answers to questions on how the body works, on what happens when we are born and develop, on how our body systems adapt when challenged by stresses such as exercise or environmental extremes, and on how body functions change in disease states. From nerves to muscles, from the brain to hormones, physiologists are concerned with functions at all levels. This spans from the molecular and cellular to the organ and body systems levels, to ultimately provide understanding of the integrated function of the whole body.

We are a leading Department of Physiology, both nationally and internationally. The Department has produced six fellows of the Australian Academy of Sciences. Our research is focused around areas that address modern day issues of health and disease. These include:

• obesity and diabetes
• cardiovascular and kidney physiology
• cognitive neurosciences
• integrative neurosciences, including the peripheral nervous system
• neuroendocrinology, in relation to reproduction, stress and homeostasis.

In all units, emphasis will be on human body function. There will be study of both normal function as well as of common examples of adaptation to unusual environments (e.g. high altitud(e.) and of dysfunction (e.g. heart disease, infertility, ageing) as appropriate to the unit and level of study. The aim is to provide students with greater insight into body function and an understanding of the basis of many common dysfunctions.

A program of study in physiology prepares you for a wide range of careers. You can apply your knowledge of physiology directly, choosing a career in the biomedical sphere. This may involve research or further studies in medical or allied health areas (e.g. audiology, health informatics). Physiology graduates can also use the general skills and knowledge they have acquired to pursue a career in a wide variety of workplaces, including education and the public service.

Availability

Physiology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major, or minor.

The physiology minor and major is not available in the double degree course S2007 Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Biomedical Science.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate a broad knowledge of the mechanisms that make up normal healthy body functions, at the levels of body systems and the cells, tissues and organs involved
• develop abilities to generate and integrate knowledge, from the molecular level through to the whole body, and have gained an appreciation for the value and limitations of physiological genomics in understanding living organisms
• demonstrate an understanding of the effects of disturbances of living organisms that lead to malfunction and disease.

Plant science is the study of plants, their diversity and structure, and how they function. It involves studying plants living on land, in the sea and in freshwater environments, from the scale of genes and molecules to ecology. Plants are a diverse set of organisms that are able to live autotrophically, harvesting light and using its energy to fix carbon and manufacture complex organic molecules. In plant science we study the great diversity of plant groups, from algae and mosses through to gymnosperms and angiosperms; we investigate how plants function, for example, how they obtain water and nutrients and how they use energy from sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis. We also study how plants are adapted to particular environments, and the factors that influence the distribution and diversity of plant species and the plant communities in which they grow. These factors are particularly important in understanding the impact of human activities, including global climate change, on plant communities so that we can provide better management into the future.

Studying Plant science begins with study of general biology in first year, in which the basics of plant chemistry, genetics, structure, function, evolution and ecology are covered. In second year, studies focus on the different types of plants, their key features and evolutionary development, and on the structure and development of plants and how these are integrated with plant function. These studies continue at third year, with units focusing on the biology and ecology of terrestrial and aquatic plants and plant communities in their natural environment. Additional units can be included that expand on some aspects of research methods, ecological management, and the biology and ecology of aquatic organisms. Students may also include units that focus more on genetic control of development and function, or on plant biotechnology.

Careers available to students that study Plant sciences include environmental management and consulting, biotechnology, a range of careers in government departments (e.g. related to environmental issues, park management, primary industry and sustainability), crop science, research and teaching.

Availability

Plant sciences is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate an understanding of the methods used in plant sciences and explain how scientific knowledge is contestable and testable by further enquiry and recognise the importance of biodiversity for sustaining life on our planet
• exhibit a breadth of knowledge about plant diversity and the evolution and ecology of the major plant groups, including the development, morphology and physiology of plants and how these are integrated with plant function
• gather, synthesize and critically evaluate information relevant to the plant sciences by applying practical and/or theoretical techniques and tools to conduct an investigation within the lab, field or virtual environment.

Pure mathematics deals with the abstract, the rigour and the beauty of perfection. Although pure mathematics is motivated by reasons other than applications, it often becomes the basis for applied mathematics to solve the most concrete problems: the theory of prime numbers is fundamental to the security systems in electronic banking; notions of the curvature of space and time are applied in designing global positioning systems; imaginary numbers are used in everything from signal processing to the analysis of fluid flow. The examples are endless.

The School of Mathematical Sciences offers a comprehensive program of mathematics units at all undergraduate levels. It encompasses a wide range of areas of modern mathematics, from very applicable mathematical methods to statistics to pure mathematics. In addition to the major and extended major in Pure mathematics, a broader major and extended major is offered in Mathematics, along with specialised programs in Applied mathematics, Mathematical statistics and Financial and insurance mathematics. There are many cross links between pure and applied mathematics and statistics, and this is reflected in the mix of units students can choose from to complete a major or extended major. Our curriculum is continuously updated to ensure that our students are exposed to the latest developments in mathematics.

By studying pure mathematics at university, students will also develop general skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, modelling, scholarship, analysis and research, which can be used wherever their career may take them. Successful companies and organisations know their competitive edge depends critically on the level of analytical skills of their workforce and therefore seek employees with a sound mathematical training. Pure mathematics graduates work in a wide variety of fields such as teaching; the finance, computing and insurance industries; medical and scientific research; the public service, and journalism.

Availability

Pure mathematics is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• display basic knowledge and key technical skills in advanced calculus and linear algebra, as well as high-level knowledge of and skills in the important techniques, terminology and processes of the core areas of pure mathematics, in particular advanced analysis, algebra and geometry
• develop, apply, integrate and generate knowledge through abstraction and insight, and use high-level critical thinking skills to analyse, use and interpret the mathematics that arises across a range of areas of pure mathematics
• demonstrate skills in the written presentation of a precise mathematical argument that enable mathematical concepts, processes and results to be communicated effectively to diverse audiences.

This program provides doctoral (PhD) students with the opportunity to focus on developing knowledge and expertise in their chosen discipline, as well as developing professional skills that will support their career ambitions.

Each student's research will be supported by the development of a range of skills that will help them to become more efficient researchers, ultimately improving the quality of the research and developing generic/transferable skills of value to prospective employers.

This program is also applicable to students studying externally.

Over half the species of animals and plants in the world occur in the Tropics. Tropical environmental biology introduces students to terrestrial and aquatic tropical ecosystems and their vast biodiversity. The conservation and management of tropical forests are of global importance particularly with respect to climate change, nutrient cycling, conservation of endangered species and potential for discoveries of new drugs and other bioactive compounds. The major provides specialist training in tropical environmental biology with a particular emphasis on techniques and field skills relevant to the study, conservation and management of tropical environments. Students study a range of topics including environmental science, tropical ecology, terrestrial and aquatic tropical biology, tropical environmental management and conservation of bioresources.

Monash is one of the few world class universities with a tropical campus and the location of the Malaysia Campus is ideal for the study of Tropical environmental biology. Through field trips, lectures and research projects, students gain an appreciation for, and understanding of, tropical ecosystems in the region including coral reefs, tropical rainforests, mangrove swamps, peat swamp forests, rivers and lakes.

Tropical environmental biology can lead to an exciting career in areas such as conservation biology, aquatic biology, environmental management and consultancies, biotechnology, field and laboratory research in government, industry or universities, and environmental NGOs.

Availability

Tropical environmental biology is listed in the Bachelor of Science at Malaysia as a minor, major or extended major.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major or extended major will be able to:

• demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific principles, concepts and skills in areas of science relevant to tropical environmental biology, such as ecology, conservation, environmental management and aquatic and terrestrial biology
• demonstrate understanding of how biological processes differ between tropical regions and other latitudes due to the effects of climate
• apply critical thinking, quantitative and qualitative field and laboratory research techniques and analytical skills to solve problems in tropical environmental biology.

Zoology is the study of the diversity of animals, their evolution, form, function, behaviour and ecology. Animals are integral components of natural systems and they also have a major impact on us as parasites and as pests competing for our food. Zoologists investigate the interactions of animals with plants, which ultimately are the source of nutrients and shelter, and with microbes, which enable many animals to effectively utilise plants as food. Research in zoology can be undertaken at the level of the whole animal down to the level of cell biology, biochemical processes and their genetic control.

Zoology at Monash is taught in state of the art research and teaching labs, and in the semi-rural setting of the on-campus Jock Marshall Reserve, and through field-trips. First year is where the basics of animal evolution, diversity, structure and function are covered. In second year there is a greater focus on these topics in two units that deal with animal diversity and animal structure and function. In third year we develop this understanding further with units focused on animal behaviour and the biology of Australian vertebrate animals. Other units on evolution, ecology, marine biology and environmental management complement the development of broader understanding of the role and importance of animals in our world.

A knowledge of Zoology can be used to understand the basics of animal evolution, diversity, structure and function along with animal behaviour and the biology of Australian vertebrate animals. Much of this information is relevant to the management, protection and conservation of animals and provides skills needed in many careers related to these themes. Graduates who have studied zoology may work for government agencies or industry - for example, helping develop or enforce environmental regulations; ecological/environmental consultants; as educators in museums or parks services; or in research at universities, zoos and other organisations.

Availability

Zoology is listed in S2000 Bachelor of Science, S3001 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Global Challenges (Honours) and S3002 Bachelor of Science Advanced - Research (Honours) at Clayton as a major or minor.

Outcomes

In addition to achieving the broad outcomes of their course, students successfully completing this major will be able to:

• demonstrate an understanding of the methods used in zoology and explain how scientific knowledge is contestable and testable by further enquiry and recognise the importance of biodiversity for sustaining life on our planet
• exhibit a breadth of knowledge of animal diversity and the evolutionary development of the major animal groups, including physiology, morphology, behaviour and ecology
• gather, synthesise and critically evaluate information relevant to zoology by applying practical and/or theoretical techniques and tools to conduct an investigation within the lab, field or virtual environment.