Earth sciences (Geology and geophysics)


Discipline objectives

Students enrolling in earth sciences subjects will gain an understanding of:

The discipline

Earth science is an interdisciplinary science comprising the sub-disciplines of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, environmental geoscience, computational geoscience and palaeontology. These subjects are fully interdisciplinary and reflect the diverse nature of geological and geophysical science.
The application of chemical, physical, mathematical, biological and computing principles forms the basis of these subjects, and allows students to identify specific aspects of earth sciences, and the sciences in general, which may be pursued in detail in the later years of study. Earth science-based careers span fuel and mineral exploration and extraction industries, engineering geology and hydrogeology, government surveys, environmental studies, marine science, teaching and research in universities and many other organisations.
First-year students should include twelve-point options in each of earth sciences and mathematical methods, and at least one of chemistry, physics, biology and physical geography. Those with an ultimate aim to specialise in palaeontology preferably should take biology. Those with interests in environmental science are advised to take biology and chemistry. Those with interests in geophysics are advised to take physics. First-year students who intend to major in geology are strongly advised to discuss their curriculum with members of the Earth Sciences staff.
Second-year geology studies should include at least sixteen points of geology by combining ESC2011 (Crustal processes) with ESC2022 (Petrology). Both of these are prerequisites for third-year geology studies. In addition at least one other second-year coherent package of sixteen points from another department (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biological Sciences, Computer Science, Geography) should be taken. The remaining sixteen points of the forty-eight credit points may also be taken in this way, or made up of individual eight and/or four-credit point subjects. Additional options in the Department of Earth Sciences are four-point subjects ESC2031, ESC2061, ESC2042. It is strongly recommended that ESC2061 and at least one other of these four-point subjects be taken by students proceeding to third-year earth sciences studies. BSc(Environmental) and Bachelor of Environmental Science students may choose ESC2042 as part of the environmental geoscience stream. Students intending to major in geophysics are recommended to take sixteen points in each of earth sciences, mathematics and physics.
Third-year geology studies can involve forty-eight point or twenty-four point programs. If twenty-four points are taken in geology or geophysics the remaining twenty-four points may be made up according to faculty course requirements. BSc(Environmental) and Bachelor of Environmental Science students or geology and geophysics students interested in the environment may choose the environmental geoscience subject .
Students majoring in geology may combine geophysics with geology in third year. Those requiring a smaller geophysics component may take geophysics subjects as part of their geology studies concentrating on resource subjects (ore deposits, petroleum) which include a basic geophysics component.
Geophysics involves the application of physics, mathematics and computing to the interpretation of the subsurface structure and distribution of rock types and resources using electronic instrumentation and computational data processing techniques. Students majoring in geophysics are encouraged to choose a second major in either geology, mathematics or physics.
Upon satisfactory completion of third-year degree requirements, honours or masters stage one programs are recommended for suitably qualified students in geology and geophysics, to enhance substantially professional opportunities. The honours program is a one-year course, the basis of which is a research project. The MSc stage one course is a combination of coursework and research, and providing progress is satisfactory at the end of the year, allows entry into the full masters program, which normally involves one additional year of study by coursework and/or research.

First year

Coordinators: Ms Marion Anderson and Dr D C 'Bear' McPhail

Subjects offered

ESC1011 Planet earth and its environment: the cosmic connection

ESC1011 is of interest to students seeking a broad overview of earth and environmental sciences. There are three one-hour lectures and one three-hour practical session per week, and a one-day field excursion in the middle of the semester. Practical sessions illustrate and enhance material covered in the lectures.

ESC1022 Planet earth: dynamic systems, environmental change and resources

ESC1022 continues to provide an overview of earth and environmental sciences, in particular an introduction to processes which have shaped the earth's crust through its evolution. The subject consists of three one-hour lectures and one three-hour lab each week, together with two field excursions and a research seminar. Practicals illustrate and enhance material covered in the lectures.

Second year

Coordinator: Dr David Lambert
Prerequisites: ESC1011 and ESC1022.
The second-year earth sciences program builds on the basic material presented in the first-year earth sciences subjects and provides an introduction to the more detailed studies of the third-year earth sciences subjects.
The mainstream program consists of a detailed examination of the characteristics of rocks and minerals, and how they form. It is also an introduction to the ways in which geoscientists reconstruct the physical and chemical conditions and processes that existed in the geological past. The manner in which rocks deform and the interpretation of tectonic structures and processes is an important part of the program; in addition the processes by which mineral and ore deposits form are introduced.
The department offers two eight-point and nine four-point subjects. Students planning to take earth sciences in third year are required to do ESC2011 (Crustal processes) and ESC2022 (Petrology) which will be offered sequentially in first and second semester. Such students will be expected to have completed the prerequisite first-year subjects ESC1011 and ESC1022. Students with better than average academic records may be permitted to enrol in the mainstream second-year earth sciences program without these prerequisites with the permission of the head of department. In addition to ESC2011 and ESC2022, students intending to take earth sciences in third year are strongly advised to complete ESC2061 (Field geology). Other four-point subjects listed below are available to those students who are geologically inclined.
ESC2011, ESC 2061 and ESC2022 will also be available to students wishing to take them as independent subjects to support other studies. Students with interests in any of the second-year geology subjects and not intending to proceed to third-year earth sciences studies may take any subject or combination of subjects.
The other four-point subjects offered are ESC2042 (Environmental geoscience I), and ESC2032 (Vertebrate life on planet earth).
The department offers three four-point subjects for students enrolled in the Bachelor of Environmental Science, BSc(Env) and Faculty of Arts. These subjects are ESC2081 (Sedimentation, stratigraphy and biostratigraphy), ESC2091 (Structural geology, tectonics and geophysics) and ESC2102 (Crystallography, optics and mineralogy). These subjects may also be taken by science students but they count as extra-faculty subjects in completing BSc course requirements.

Level-two subjects offered

Third year

Coordinator: Dr David Gray
Prerequisites: ESC2011 and ESC2022.
The third-year program in earth sciences consists of six-point subjects in geology, geophysics and environmental geoscience. Units within the subjects can be taken in a number of combinations depending on the student's interests; however, the combinations mainly fall into two main sequences, geology and geophysics.

Contact hours

The usual number of contact hours in formal lecture/practical and/or seminar/discussion units is five hours per week (two one-hour lectures, one three-hour practical session, or equivalent). Geology units without fieldwork requirements are normally twelve weeks in length, as are all geophysics units. The remaining week in each semester is available to students for final revision. Other geology units which include one to five-day field excursions contain correspondingly fewer weeks of formal coursework; hence all units have similar total workloads.

Assessment

In general, assessment of coursework units will be on the basis of theory and/or practical examinations during the end-of-semester examination periods, in-subject practical work and/or short practical tests. The field camp and geology project subjects will be assessed primarily on the basis of written reports.

Geology

Students intending to become professional earth scientists may take forty-eight points in geology and environmental geoscience or combine two twenty-four point subjects in geology and geophysics (see below) within the Department of Earth Sciences. Students who are primarily interested in earth sciences, but who also wish to maintain or explore interests in other disciplines may combine a twenty-four point sequence in another discipline provided they meet the degree requirements of the Faculty of Science.

Subjects offered (third year)

First semester

Under special circumstances, ESC3180 (Field camp) can be taken as a first-semester subject (by permission of third-year coordinator).

Second semester

Relevant third-year coursework subjects taken in other Monash departments (especially the departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geography and Environmental Science, Mathematics, Physics) may in some cases be incorporated into earth sciences subjects. Where subjects in particular areas of earth sciences are not offered in the Monash Department of Earth Sciences, students may be able to gain access to suitable subjects in the geology departments of La Trobe and Melbourne universities. Both of these options may be exercised only after discussion with (and with the permission of) the third-year coordinator.
To complete either a twenty-four-point or forty-eight-point geology discipline, all students are strongly recommended to attend a two-week third-year field mapping camp. All students should take ESC3121 (Structural geology) and ESC3131 (Metamorphic geology) (first semester) as necessary background to the field camp.

Geophysics

Coordinator: Professor James Cull (Geophysics subjects)
Prerequisites: Any sixteen-point sequence in second-year geology, physics, applied mathematics or computer science, or permission of head of department.
Students intending to major in geophysics should take the four six-point subjects: GPS3221 (Regional geophysics), GPS3241 (Exploration geophysics: reflection seismology), GPS3212 (Global geophysics) and GPS3232 (Electrical geophysics). The twelve-point subject GPS3281 Applied physics may be taken in first semester, in addition to, or in place of, two of the six-point subjects. The three four-point subjects GPS3252 (Quantitative seismology), GPS3262 (Partial differential equations) and GPS3272 (Techniques of scientific computing) may be taken in second semester, in addition to or in place of, two of the six-point subjects. The latter three subjects have prerequisites in the second-year mathematics stream.
Students taking a single major (twenty-four points) in geophysics are advised to combine this choice with twenty-four points of third-year subjects in one of geology (ESC), mathematics (MAT) or physics (PHS). Students taking thirty-six points of geophysics subjects are advised to combine this choice with twelve points from either the third-year ESC, MAT or PHS streams.
Students intending to continue on to honours level geophysics should consult the geophysics coordinator when selecting third-year subjects.

Contact hours

The six-point geophysics units consist of two one-hour lectures and one three-hour practical session, or equivalent, per week, and run for twelve weeks.

Assessment

All geophysics units will be assessed by examinations in the relevant semester examinations period. Essays and assignments may also be used for assessment within units where appropriate.

Fourth year

At fourth-year level, students may choose to do either a one-year honours program or the masters stage one program. Entry into either requires a credit level grade or higher in a coherent package of subjects of at least twenty-four points in third-year geology, geophysics, physics, mathematics or computer science. The honours program involves limited coursework, seminars and a major research project. The masters stage one program involves more coursework and/or project work, but also a substantial research project. Satisfactory completion of the masters stage one program after one year at a standard equivalent to an honours grade of H2A or better, qualifies the candidate to enter the full masters program, which involves one further year of study as outlined below.

Honours in earth sciences

Coordinator: Dr Ian Cartwright
Prerequisites: A credit average in twenty-four points of third-year subjects in geology, geophysics, mathematics or physics and/or permission of the head of department, and approval of the faculty. Students must already have qualified for an undergraduate degree.
Entry into the BSc(Hons) course may take place either in first semester or second semester. A mid-year start is possible for students who have limited background in the geological sciences, to enable them to take supplementary studies in first semester. BSc(Hons) students will be required to submit a research thesis at the end of the honours year. The subject of this thesis will be decided in discussion between the student, the supervisor and the coordinator and will normally involve a field project together with supporting laboratory studies. Projects with a laboratory or theoretical emphasis may also be possible. In addition, a reading essay and seminar presentation on specialised aspects of the student's work will be required at set times during the year, and all students are required to take at least fifteen days of courses which may be field or lecture-based. Available programs will be listed by the coordinator and must be chosen in consultation with supervisors.
Students transferring to geology or geophysics from other streams will be required to attend seminars and programs related to their project. A minimum of three lecture units is normally compulsory, selected in consultation with the supervisor, from the list of units available to the MSc stage one/MSc stream.
Students may undertake honours programs in either geology or geophysics, although research projects may involve elements of both.