Monash University Handbook 2015 Undergraduate - Units

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

1. Describe the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including RNA transcription / translation processes, energy utilisation, and the role of the major classes of macromolecules;
2. Explain the function of each major organ / organ system considered within the course, with reference to the structure;
3. Explain the physiological basis for the most common disease states to affect each organ / organ system considered within the course;
4. Analyse simple examples of cellular and organ dysfunction, and be able to explain the likely consequences for the function of the system;
5. Demonstrate the development of written communication skills appropriate for first year students- explain the pathophysiology for one disease state and one drug treatment associated, relating the drug target to the disease state.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules;
2. Explain the role of molecular shapes and electronic distributions as the basis for drug-receptor interactions;
3. Be proficient in basic laboratory techniques.

After completing this unit students should be able to:

1. Describe the function of the lungs and airways and how these organs are controlled;
2. Draw a schematic diagram of the kidney, skin and gastrointestinal tract and label the important functional structures within the organs;
3. Explain the function of the kidney, skin and gastrointestinal tract and the pathophysiology of major disorders of these organs;
4. Explain the physiological basis for the most common disease states affecting the kidney, skin and gastrointestinal tract;
5. Analyse simple examples of organ dysfunction, and be able to explain the likely consequences for the function of the system;
6. Draw a schematic diagram of the reproductive system in both males and females and label the structures involved;
7. Explain the normal physiological roles played by each of the organs within these systems;
8. Demonstrate the development of written and oral communication skills appropriate for 1st year students - explain the pathophysiology for one disease state and one associated drug treatment, relating the drug target to the disease state;
9. Demonstrate a sound knowledge of the physiology of various systems throughout the body
10. Explain complex physiological mechanisms in writing;
11. Describe how physiological systems interact and are modified in disease conditions;
12. Work as a team to complete a research task;
13. Articulate what they know about complex physiological mechanisms orally.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules;
2. Explain the role of molecular shapes and electronic distributions as the basis for drug-receptor interactions;
3. Be proficient in basic laboratory techniques.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Define acidity and basicity constants in the context of species in solution, apply the principles of buffering and acid-base titrations, calculate pH of aqueous solutions, and predict drug characteristics (absorption behaviour and solubility) based on their acid/base properties. Identify the most common organic functional groups that exhibit acidic or basic behaviour in aqueous solutions.

2. Define and calculate thermodynamic properties, explain laws of thermodynamics and concepts of state functions, and relate thermodynamic concepts to the design and function of pharmaceutical products.

3. Explain the concepts of phase equilibria, sketch and interpret phase equilibria diagrams, estimate physicochemical properties based on phase equilibria diagrams, and relate these parameters to properties of pharmaceutical products.

4. Describe kinetics terminology, explain kinetic theories, construct rate laws based on experimental data, manipulate integrated rate laws to calculate concentration, relate reaction rates to temperature, and predict stability of pharmaceutical products in temporal terms.

5. Conduct mathematical calculations involving manipulation of logarithmic and exponential functions, regression and correlation, and integration of simple algebraic functions.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Discuss the physicochemical principles that underpin the important processes of pharmaceutical solids dissolving to form a solution. In particular an understanding of dissolution, solubility and distribution are critical in many areas of pharmacy and pharmaceutical science;
2. Describe the various forms of pharmaceutical solids, both drug forms and other components (excipients) and their role and impact when used to produce solution-based formulations;
3. Discuss the basic physical chemistry of solutions once formed, including: the terms solution, supersaturation, solubility (ideal and non-ideal), solubility parameter, dissolution, distribution and partitioning, the influence of ionizable functional groups and structure on solution behaviour, the properties of polymers in solution and their rheological aspects and physical chemical concepts of solutions of non-electrolytes and electrolytes;
4. Undertake calculations concerning the physico-chemical properties of drug solutions including changes in solubility with pH for ionisable compounds; calculate molar conductivities, ionic strength, partial pressures for ideal and non-ideal systems, and express solution concentrations in molarity, molality, mol fraction and equivalents;
5. Suggest strategies typically used to improve drug solubility, and to outline the theories for prediction of drug solubility from solid state properties;
6. Discuss the pharmaceutical applications of colligative properties of solutions and undertake calculations including molarity, molality, millimoles, miiliosmoles, gram percent concentrations and isotonic concentrations and isotonicity adjustment of solutions;
7. Explain how drug transport across biological membranes is influenced by various physicochemical factors, in particular dissolution, ionization and distribution characteristics.
8. Be proficient in basic laboratory techniques.

At the end of this unit students should be able to:

1. Describe the roles of pharmacists, the medicines management pathway, aspects related to medication safety, the practice of pharmacy in community and hospital settings, the basic legal requirements related to pharmacy practice, ageing population and aged care, disability and disability support, medicines use and the Australian health care system;
2. Describe the use of some commonly prescribed medicines and selected topics associated with different dose forms, routes of administrations and dose adjustments;
3. Retrieve, interpret and communicate basic information about medicines or health care issues, and apply it to patient-centered care;
4. Apply (at basic level) patient-centered care in the practice of pharmacy including the use of medicines, recording prescriptions, labeling the medicines and counseling patients;
5. Describe elements of behavioural psychology that are relevant to the practice of pharmacy, and important elements of communication (e.g. the principles of interpersonal communication, barriers to good communication, listening and responding).

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the use of some commonly prescribed medicines, important aspects of primary health care and population health;
2. Retrieve, interpret and communicate basic information about medicines or health care issues, and apply it to pharmacy practice;
3. Dispense simple dose forms of medicines;
4. Perform basic pharmaceutical calculations;
5. Describe the different pharmacy organisations (including their roles and objectives), ethical practice (at basic level), professionalism, and continuing professional development;
6. Describe the Australian health care system including the National Medicines Policy, indigenous health, the differences in healthcare needs and services between metropolitan and rural settings;
7. Describe and discuss the different perspectives of mental health, mental wellbeing and aspects of healthy living;
8. Describe basic principles related to statistics and its application in healthcare;
9. Examine the similarities and differences between personal and professional behaviour.

After completing this unit, students will be able to:

1. To demonstrate their understanding of the basic biochemistry of body constituents by describing (comparing and contrasting) and explaining the structure, function and classification of the major biomolecules and analysing how these can be altered or perturbed in disease states using biochemical and molecular biology procedures;
2. To demonstrate their understanding of the nature of information transfer and molecular biology methods by describing and explaining aspects of the processes from an enzymatic to biomolecular level and predicting how these can be altered or perturbed in disease states;
3. To demonstrate their understanding of the principle metabolic pathways and the basis of their regulation and connections by describing their roles and differentiating how they are regulated from a hormonal to enzymatic level at the cellular, organ and whole body levels;
4. To demonstrate their understanding of integrated biochemical and physiological functions, pathophysiological and biochemical or genetic perturbations as they affect bodily functions by predicting and differentiating how the metabolic pathways are regulated under normal fed, and fasting conditions and diseased conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 1.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Differentiate between the basic molecular-genetic mechanisms by which cells are regulated in a multicellular organism;
2. Appreciate the fundamental approaches and methods used to study cells;
3. Describe the special properties inherent to stem cells or specialized cells;
4. Understand the ways in which cell control is disrupted in diseases such as cancer;
5. Diagnose a disorder by examination of signs and symptoms;
6. Relate modifications of physiological and molecular mechanisms to the observed disorder and describe the role of receptor activation and intracellular signalling in normal and abnormal cellular function.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify functional groups in drug molecules and describe the bonding interactions they may undergo with a target macromolecule;
2. Define the stereochemistry of chiral compounds and discuss why the shapes of drug molecules are important for biological activity;
3. Relate the bioavailability and physicochemical properties of a drug molecule to its chemical structure;
4. Recognise and describe structural modification strategies used to optimise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug;
5. Apply the concepts of QSAR;
6. Describe the general synthetic strategies used to synthesise drug leads and their analogues;
7. Analyse and interpret data to describe chemical structures;
8. Be proficient in basic chemical laboratory techniques and communicating results in written form.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. List and describe in detail the categories of proteins with which drugs interact;
2. List and explain the properties of a drug that determine its affinity, efficacy and potency;
3. Describe the chemistry of drug-receptor interactions, and explain the properties of drug and receptor that determine binding and efficacy;
4. Evaluate the interactions between drug and receptor that determine efficacy based on theoretical or empirical information;
5. Calculate drug affinity, potency and efficacy based on model data, and make comparisons between drugs based on such data;
6. Describe the mechanisms of action of several classes of emerging therapeutic classes;
7. Effectively apply the principles of affinity, efficacy and potency to find solutions to problems associated with commonly used drugs;
8. Based on laboratory experience within this unit, demonstrate a personal understanding of the biological evaluation of drug affinity, efficacy and potency.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Discuss the formulation principles of tablets and capsules and undertake problems by applying theoretical knowledge in relation to formulation principles;
2. Discuss the primary physiological factors influencing drug absorption across the small intestine and the effects of altering rate of absorption and extent of absorption on plasma concentration and amount of drug in the body;
3. Define and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, including drug clearance, elimination half-life, volume of distribution, fraction unbound, fraction excreted unchanged in urine and steady state plasma concentration after intravenous administrations and multiple dosing;
4. Distinguish between drugs that exhibit 1 and 2 compartment behaviour and calculate and interpret pharmacokinetic parameters for drugs that obey 1 and 2 compartment kinetics
5. Discuss hepatic clearance of drugs in terms of intrinsic clearance, protein binding and hepatic blood flow and how this changes for high and low extraction ratio drugs and calculate hepatic extraction ratios
6. Estimate the absolute and relative bioavailability of drugs given either plasma or urine concentration data.
7. Describe the characteristics, causes and therapeutic consequences of non-linear pharmacokinetics

After completing this unit, students will be able to:

1. Apply specific strategies and resources to enhance communication with patients and other health care professionals;
2. Communicate with patients and other health care professionals in a considered and systematic way, focussing on best clinical outcomes;
3. Apply approaches to communication with patients and other health care professionals in special settings and with specific groups of people;
4. Identify clinical and other health terminology used;
5. Interpret health terminology for clinical decision-making and for translating into meaningful language for patients.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the broad public health perspectives and framework for providing; therapeutic services and care to patients, and for working with other health care professionals, in both developed and advanced countries;
2. Describe the role of the expatriate pharmacist including the public health issues that they are likely to address;
3. Discuss the process for formulating health policy and the impact of various health policies;
4. Have a working knowledge of harm minimisation/pharmacotherapy substitution services in pharmacy;
5. Discuss the principles and application of the Quality Use of Medicine Strategy of the National Medicines Policy as well as the development and application of essential medicines lists in general;
6. Systematically conduct a literature review and a subsequent critical appraisal to answer a clinical enquiry;
7. Interpret the results of statistical tests when critically appraising the literature to answer a clinical enquiry;
8. Perform statistical and pharmacoeconomic tests that are frequently used in the reporting of health care research and that underpin evidence based practice;
9. Define, recognise and using evidence-based principles, deal with medicines promotion;
10. Apply knowledge of evidence based principles to complementary and alternative medicines;
11. Dispense medicines and solve clinical problems;
12. Perform pharmaceutical calculations relevant to the practice of pharmacy.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the epidemiology and concepts of disease state management of cardiovascular diseases including the concepts affecting the management of various types of patients (e.g. paediatric and geriatric patients);
2. Evaluate a patient's laboratory test results to assist with the diagnosis or management of disease;
3. Describe the normal function of the cardiovascular system and the signs and symptoms likely to be seen in patients with the disorders;
4. Recognise when referral for medical assessment is required with a particular emphasis on cardinal symptoms;
5. Relate modifications of physiological and molecular mechanisms to the observed disorder;
6. Describe the chemistry of the different types of drugs used to treat these disorders and the chemical and biological principals behind the development of a range of drugs used to treat these disorders;
7. Describe drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of cardiovascular disease and primary and secondary prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease;
8. Evaluate a patient's disease state, identify any drug therapy problems and recommend appropriate resolutions of those problems;
9. Formulate a medical management program for specific patients based on their medical, medication and psychosocial histories and laboratory test results;
10. Apply basic counselling strategies that optimize behavioural change support for patients with chronic conditions.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. demonstrate fundamental concepts in microbiology and associated immunology including basic technologies, classification of microorganisms, principles of microbial genetics, and immunological processes;
2. evaluate and differentiate basic microbiological laboratory techniques and how to apply these to the identification of different types of pathogenic microorganisms;
3. demonstrate an appreciation of factors involved in contamination control and control of infectious diseases;
4. illustrate the ecological role of microorganisms and analyse interactions between microorganisms and the host including interactions with humans and the principles of immunology and epidemiology.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe steady state plasma concentration and factors affecting steady state plasma concentration; calculate steady state concentrations after a particular dose and dosing interval;
2. Describe common routes of drug metabolism and drug transport and predict changes in pharmacokinetics associated with inter-individual variability;
3. Explain how drug transporters present in the small intestine, liver, kidney and blood-brain barrier may impact on disposition of drugs and potential drug-drug interactions;
4. Evaluate and predict how pharmacokinetics may alter in various disease states and patient groups (pregnancy, obesity, geriatrics, paediatrics);
5. Generate a drug regimen based on therapeutic drug monitoring principles;
6. Discuss particular examples where drug-drug interactions impact on pharmacokinetics and patient therapy;
7. Explain and exemplify formulation principles of solid in liquid dispersions, aerosol systems, semisolids and modified release drug delivery systems.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Estimate rate constants, half-lives and shelf-lives for drug substances and products; Interpret pH-rate profiles for typical drugs and understand the main physicochemical properties that control chemical reaction rates;
2. Understand organic chemical reaction mechanisms for degradation of common drug functional groups; apply this knowledge to stabilization of drugs that are susceptible to hydrolysis, oxidation and photochemical degradation;
3. Understand basic features of drug inactivation by physical means;
4. Provide a summary of the necessary preformulation tools for new drug characterisation;
5. Given information on the bulk, physicochemical and stability properties of a drug, provide a clear strategy for the choice and development of a formulation of that drug;
6. Discuss the formulation of injections, including the purpose of all excipients used, and the general processes for the manufacture of injections including reconstitutable injections;
7. Discuss issues in the use of glass, plastic and rubber packaging materials;
8. Discuss contamination control and aseptic processing of sterile pharmaceuticals;
9. Describe sterilization processes, validation, sterility assurance and end product sterility testing;
10. Discuss microbial stability issues of pharmaceuticals and principles and practices of disinfection and preservation;
11. Appreciate the spectrum of disciplines involved in pharmaceutical biotechnology products.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the principles of management in the context of pharmacy practice with a focus on personal management skills and human resources management;
2. Discuss the legal requirements for best pharmacy practice and apply these principles in various practice situations;
3. Discuss the principles and procedures of medication safety initiatives in hospitals;
4. Describe the principles of harm reduction, its importance in the social context and the role of pharmacists;
5. Discuss the principles and procedures underlying the management of poisoning and overdose; and
6. Dispense multiple prescriptions, including extemporaneous products, with accuracy under time pressure.

At the completion of this unit the student should be able to:

1. Describe the role of the pharmacist in patient care, the ethical codes that guide the profession of pharmacy and apply those in a practice setting;
2. Describe the Australian health care system, alternative therapies, competency and practice standards documents, and aged care services;
3. Apply the principles of multiple medication management and problem solving skills to clinical situations in various practice settings;
4. Describe the practice of pharmacy in hospital and rural settings;
5. Describe the principles and procedures in the provision of drug information;
6. Perform pharmaceutical calculations relevant to the practice of pharmacy;
7. Prepare and dispense extemporaneous preparations and dispense proprietary products with 100% accuracy in different practice settings using commercial dispensing programs;
8. Provide reliable and unbiased drug information to health professionals and consumers;
9. Undertake comprehensive medication reviews in different practice settings;
10. Communicate effectively with patients and other health professionals.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the epidemiology and concepts of disease state management of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases;
2. Describe the normal function of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and the signs and symptoms likely to be seen in patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders;
3. Appraise when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral;
4. Reflect on their primary care response to symptoms, communication and counselling skills with respect to the supply of non-prescription medicines used for respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases;
5. Describe the chemistry of the different types of drugs used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders and the chemical and biological principals behind the development of a range of drugs used to treat these disorders;
6. Examine the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of gastrointestinal disease, and appreciate how this leads to the treatment of disease, as well as side effects produced;
7. Demonstrate how drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases contribute to primary and secondary prevention strategies for respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases;
8. Evaluate a patient's respiratory and/or gastrointestinal disease state, identify any drug therapy problems and recommend appropriate resolutions of those problems.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

• Describe the epidemiology of a range of infectious diseases;
• Discuss the chemistry, classification, functions and pharmaceutical aspects of a range of antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-parasitic agents;
• Explain the pathophysiology of infectious diseases ;
• Describe the mechanism of action of various classes of antimicrobials agents;
• Describe the structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of anti-infective agents;
• Describe the signs and symptoms likely to be seen in patients with the disorders;
• Diagnose minor infections by consideration of signs and symptoms;
• Recognise when referral for medical assessment is required with a particular emphasis on cardinal symptoms;
• Discuss the role of antimicrobials and their uses for various disease states;
• Describe the problems of infectious disease world-wide and the major problems of resistance;
• Identify the possibility of interactions between certain antimicrobials and other drugs and conditions;
• Recognise the role of the pharmacist in communicating with the patients and liaising with other health care professionals to monitor patient care;
• Formulate a medical management program for a specific patient based on a diagnosis;
• Identify any drug therapy problems and recommend appropriate resolutions of those problems;
• Work in a team to achieve a common goal.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain further skills in research and problem solving, and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who wishes to enhance these skills for a career in pharmacy or who might wish to pursue further study in research orientated postgraduate programs.

Specific learning outcomes are to

1. Critically engage with pharmaceutical research and practice literature, to identify appropriate processes and products for evaluating research results.
2. Critically define the approach to investigating and evaluating the research literature relating to the identified problem, and their contribution towards completing the group compiled research report.
3. Conduct detailed examination of comprehensive quantitative and qualitative research studies, evaluating the impact of these studies towards the solution of issues and challenges identified in pharmaceutical sciences and practice.

Students will develop these skills by

1. Participating in mentored group meetings and online discussions to analyse research questions and prepare a plan for investigating literature relevant to the question,
2. Ongoing reflective questioning of process and product within a group-facilitated working environment, including progressive self-evaluation of contribution to the process and product of group work.
3. Examination of research literature to determine breadth and depth of research literature examined, bias of interpretation, status of research conducted, identification of weaknesses and strengths of research studies and significance of data and conclusions.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain skills in research and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who may wish to pursue further study in research-orientated postgraduate programs.

The elective aims to:

• provide students with experience in an area of research
• provide students with an insight into future opportunities in the area of research
• encourage and attract high quality students interested in pursuing a career in research, the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry or academia.

At the end of this elective, students will be expected to have developed:

1. An understanding of some recent advances in research in pharmaceutical science or pharmacy practice and the literature within their area of research;
2. An appreciation of the need to define a hypothesis, design an approach to test the hypothesis, plan the experiments, undertake the experiments, analyse and interpret the data and write a research report;
3. An appreciation of basic research philosophies and approaches.

The aim of this unit is to provide an introduction to leadership principles and concepts of change management in the context of pharmacy practice. It will differentiate leadership from management and will consider the basic theories of leadership and team-building. Students will develop skills in identifying opportunities for change, implementing and evaluating change in an evidence-based manner.

This unit also aims to develop students' generic skills in critical thinking, communication and problem-solving.

At the completion of this unit students should be able to:

1. Describe the concepts of good leadership;
2. Identify their personal leadership characteristics;
3. Describe the principles associated with change management;
4. Work in a team;
5. Lead a team.

This unit aims to help the students develop as professionals and as individuals and their understanding of the distribution and determinants of health. It also aims to facilitate the acquiring of knowledge about the effects of being disadvantaged on health and the development of skills while working in the community.

At the end of the placement, the students should demonstrate an understanding of; or develop skills in:

• the way the organisation works
• professional relationships within and external to the organisation
• the users of the services provided by the agencies and the issues encountered
• the relationships between the service providers and the clients/communities served
• the impact of political, economic and social policies on the organisation, staff professional practice and service users
• communication, ethical awareness, socio-cultural understanding; professional behaviour with diverse populations.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

• Understand the "whole person", and in particular the social and economic context of health and illness
• Appreciate the interplay of medical, scientific, social, cultural, political, economic and ethical factors in health promotion
• Develop knowledge of barriers faced by people in accessing services, their relevance to medicine and individuals health
• Develop an understanding of social and public policy and how it impacts on individuals health
• Develop an appreciation of how and why community organisations deliver their services
• Develop skills in communicating placement experience to an audience by different methods (oral and written presentations).

This aim of this unit is to expand the student's knowledge of biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and formulation considerations for a range of non-oral drug delivery routes, advanced oral drug delivery technologies and targeted drug delivery systems.

The unit will also provide students with an overview of the drug development process from pre-clinical stages through to product registration. Additionally, this unit aims to develop students' generic skills in evaluation of scientific literature, critical thinking, problem-solving, report writing, leadership and working in teams.

In this unit students will develop an appreciation of:

1. The role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration and its responsibilities in ensuring the safe, efficacy, and quality of medicines available in Australia;
2. The process of clinical drug development ;
3. The importance of Good Manufacturing Practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

In this unit, students will develop an understanding of:

1. The biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery various routes of drug delivery;
2. The formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery via various routes of drug delivery;
3. The advantages and disadvantages of various routes of delivery;
4. Situations when one route of delivery is preferred over another route of drug delivery;
5. The need for a quality system in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals;
6. The process for drug registration for a generic formulation compared to a novel therapeutic drug;
7. Phase I, II and III clinical trials.

In this unit students will develop skills in:

1. Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and identification of key excipients;
2. Locating and evaluating scientific literature on pharmaceutical drug formulations;
3. Working effectively in teams;
4. Time management and meeting deadlines;
5. Writing scientific reports that reflect an understanding of the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical rationale behind a specific pharmaceutical formulation;
6. Preparing high quality, well formatted and presented written documents.

Upon completion of this unit students will be able to:

• Describe the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery various routes of drug delivery
• Discuss the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery via various routes of drug delivery
• Analyse pharmaceutical formulations and identify key excipients and describe the potential functions of the excipients in the formulation
• Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of delivery
• Identify situations when one route of delivery is preferential to another route of delivery for a drug
• Discuss the need for a quality system in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and the role of Good Manufacturing Practices
• Explain why the process for drug registration for a generic formulation can be different to a novel therapeutic drug
• Summarise the purpose of Phase I, II and III clinical trials
• Describe the role of the TGA and its responsibilities in ensuring the safe, efficacy, and quality of medicines available in Australia
• Explain the process of clinical drug development
• Propose a rationale behind a specific pharmaceutical formulation
• Prepare a high quality, well formatted and presented written document.

Students will develop practice skills in a range of settings by applying the knowledge and understanding they have gleaned from other units within the course.
Specific learning outcomes for each PEP type are listed in the relevant student PEP manual.

At the completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Appreciate the leadership role of the pharmacist;
2. Plan life-long learning in the context required by the Pharmacy Board of Australia for registration purposes;
3. Dispense legally and accurately, including being proficient in pharmaceutical calculations;
4. Describe various extended roles of pharmacists.

This unit aims to provide the foundations for understanding the main endocrine (hormone) systems in man, diseases of the endocrine system and pharmacotherapies that act through these systems. It will

also provide the basic knowledge required for the diagnosis and management of patients with renal disease.

• The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications associated with each area will be presented in detail in an integrated fashion
• The signs and symptoms associated with these conditions
• The chemistry of the different classes of drugs used in the management of these disorders
• The concepts of structure-activity relationships for the drugs used in the management of these disorders
• The pharmacology of the drugs used in the management of these disorders.
• The signs and symptoms, emphasising cardinal symptoms, of many conditions associated with these areas
• The management of thyroid disease, diabetes and men's and women's health issues including drug and non-drug therapies
• Management of renal disease including drug and non-drug therapies
• Current best practice for the management of these conditions with emphasis on the role of the pharmacist
• Individual differences which may occur in these disorders and how they can be managed.

1. Understand the pathophysiology of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
2. Describe skin structure and skin pathology;
3. Exemplify the chemistry of the different classes of drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
4. Understand the concepts of structure-activity relationships for the drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
5. Explain the pharmacology of the drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
6. Describe how pain is detected and explain the pathways that transmit pain signals to the brain;
7. Indicate what is current best practice for the management of dermatological disorders, as well as pain and musculoskeletal conditions (including drug and non-drug therapies), with an emphasis on the role of the pharmacist.
8. Recognize the usual symptoms of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions seen in the pharmacy and be able to determine when the patient requires referral to a medical practitioner.
9. Evaluate and critically analyse simulated patient information together with any associated treatment regimes, to develop appropriate recommendations for therapy to optimise health outcomes.

1. This unit aims to lay a foundation of knowledge about diseases and disorders in neurology and oncology and to provide the relationship between pathophysiology and the rational design and use of drugs in the management of conditions of this type.
2. The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications associated with each area are presented in detail in an integrated fashion.
3. Drug therapy principles for particular conditions and patient groups will be emphasised enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to provide clinical pharmacy services within these areas.
4. Specifically the unit will cover epilepsy, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke and a range of common malignancies such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer, skin cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, etc. It will also deal with principles of palliative care and management of patients at the end of life.
5. Students will perform a number of tasks which will help with the development of critical thinking skills and oral and written communication skills.

At the end of this unit, student will be able to:

1. Appreciate how dysfunction of the central nervous system results in mental health disorders.
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a range of common mental health disorders.
3. Understand the chemistry of medications used in the management of mental health disorders.
4. Examine how structure activity relationships for drugs relate to the management of mental health disorders.
5. Examine how the pharmacology of the drugs relates to the management of mental health disorders.
6. Predict how drugs of abuse can affect mental health.
7. Make preliminary diagnoses and differentiation of mental health disorders, and determine when a patient requires referral to a medical practitioner.
8. Recommend how to manage mental health disorders including drug and non-drug therapies.
9. Appreciate what is current best practice for the management of mental health disorders, with an emphasis on the role of the pharmacist.
10. Evaluate and critically analyse simulated patient information, with any associated treatment regimes, to develop appropriate recommendations for therapy to optimise health outcomes.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Retrieve and evaluate information on a range of topics;
2. Present information relating to a topic in a coherent manner;
3. Work in a team to achieve a common goal;
4. Communicate effectively to peers, both in oral and written form;
5. Describe issues related to the management of patients with multiple diseases/acute illnesses;
6. Evaluate individual patients' disease state management for multiple diseases;
7. Determine appropriate therapeutic goals for a patient with multiple disease states and/or acute illnesses;
8. Determine an appropriate monitoring program to allow assessment of management goals;
9. Identify and analyse therapeutic management problems in patients with multiple disease states and determine appropriate monitoring regimens and management options that demonstrate the principles of evidence-based practice and quality use of medicines;
10. Formulate an appropriate management plan for a patient based on the use drug and non-drug therapies;
11. Conduct a Medication Management review for patients with multiple medication management;
12. Identify solutions to a range of therapeutic issues in patients with multiple management problems;
13. Describe the role of the pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team;
14. Recognise when referral for medical assessment is required with a particular emphasis on cardinal symptoms;
15. Evaluate a patient's laboratory test results to assist with the diagnosis or management of disease;
16. Evaluate a patient's disease state and the use of appropriate medications;
17. Identify any drug therapy problems and recommend appropriate resolutions of those problems;
18. Formulate a medical management program for specific patients based on their medical, medication and psychosocial histories and laboratory test results.
19. Communicate effectively with patients and other health professionals.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the structure of each major organ / organ system considered within the course;
2. Explain the function of each major organ / organ system considered within the course;
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological basis for the most common disease states to affect each organ / organ system considered within the course;
4. Provide a detailed explanation of the rationale for the use of at least one drug therapy for each organ / organ system considered within the course, relating the drug target to the disease state;
5. Research a topic in the area of physiology, and present the findings of such research to peers at an appropriate scientific level.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the structure of each major organ / organ system considered within the course;
2. Explain the function of each major organ / organ system considered within the course;
3. Explain the physiological basis for the most common disease states to affect each organ / organ system considered within the course;
4. Provide a detailed explanation of the rationale for the use of at least one drug therapy for each organ / organ system considered within the course, relating the drug target to the disease state;
5. Analyse simple examples organ dysfunction, and be able to explain the likely consequences for the function of the system.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules;
2. Explain the role of molecular shapes and electronic distributions as the basis for drug-receptor interactions;
3. Be proficient in basic laboratory techniques.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules;
2. Explain the role of molecular shapes and electronic distributions as the basis for drug-receptor interactions;
3. Be proficient in basic laboratory techniques.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Define acidity and basicity constants in the context of species in solution, apply the principles of buffering and acid-base titrations, calculate pH of aqueous solutions, and predict drug characteristics (absorption behaviour and solubility) based on their acid/base properties. Identify the most common organic functional groups that exhibit acidic or basic behaviour in aqueous solutions.
2. Define and calculate thermodynamic properties, explain laws of thermodynamics and concepts of state functions, and relate thermodynamic concepts to the design and function of pharmaceutical products.
3. Explain the concepts of phase equilibria, sketch and interpret phase equilibria diagrams, estimate physicochemical properties based on phase equilibria diagrams, and relate these parameters to properties of pharmaceutical products.
4. Describe kinetics terminology, explain kinetic theories, construct rate laws based on experimental data, manipulate integrated rate laws to calculate concentration, relate reaction rates to temperature, and predict stability of pharmaceutical products in temporal terms.
5. Conduct mathematical calculations involving manipulation of logarithmic and exponential functions, regression and correlation, and integration of simple algebraic functions.
6. Practice basic laboratory techniques, and relate experimental results to theoretical concepts.

Students will develop an:

1. Understanding of the physicochemical principles that underpin the important processes of pharmaceutical solids dissolving to form a solution. In particular an understanding of dissolution, solubility and distribution are critical in many areas of pharmacy and pharmaceutical science;
2. Understanding of the physical chemistry of solutions once formed will be gained through this unit, including the influence of ionizable functional groups and structure on solution behaviour;
3. Understanding of the behaviour of surface active agents at interfaces and in solution, and how micelles can improve drug solubilization;
4. Understand the physicochemical principles behind the formulation of liquid products, including one and two phase liquid systems;
5. Understanding of the behaviour and properties of pharmaceutical solids and semisolids;
6. Understanding of rheological concepts for fluids;
7. Understanding of the role and effect of components (excipients) used to produce solution based dose forms in the pharmacy field;
8. Ability to undertake calculations concerning the physico-chemical properties of drug solutions;
9. Ability to measure fundamental solution properties through practical exercises.

At the end of this unit students will be expected to:

• Describe the various forms of pharmaceutical solids and their impact on drug solution properties
• Describe the properties of polymers in solution and their rheological aspects
• Be able to calculate various rheological properties
• Describe the differences between the terms solution, supersaturation, solubility, solubility parameter, dissolution, distribution (in a physical chemistry sense) and partitioning
• Describe the factors that influence ideal and non-ideal solubility
• Describe strategies typically used to improve drug solubility
• Describe the impact of ionization on partitioning
• Outline the theories for prediction of drug solubility from solid state properties
• Calculate changes in solubility with pH for ionisable compounds
• Calculate and express solution concentrations in molarity, molality, mol fraction and equivalents
• Describe the physical chemical concepts of solutions of non-electrolytes in terms of vapour pressure, Raoult's Law and Henry's Law
• Describe the physical chemical concepts of solutions of electrolytes in terms of molar conductivity, Kolrausch's Law, activity and ionic strength
• Use Kolrausch's Law to calculate molar conductivities using the van't Hoff Factor Calculate partial pressures for ideal and non-ideal systems given concentrations and activity coefficients. Calculate ionic strength using activity coefficients, Debye Huckel approximation and the extended Debye Huckel theory
• Outline the common colligative properties and perform simple calculations to quantify these properties
• Describe the meaning and importance of isotonicity in pharmacy, and perform simple calculations of isotonicity. Describe methods of determination of tonicity of pharmaceutical solutions
• Describe each component of Fick's first law of diffusion in relation to drug transport across biological membranes
• Calculate the percentage of ionized and unionized species of an ionizable drug molecule at different pH values and describe the impact of such pH changes on overall drug absorption across a biological membrane
• Describe the behaviour of surface active molecules at interfaces
• Describe the different classes of surface active molecules and their effect on surface tension
• Describe the location and behaviour of surface active molecules in multiphase systems, particularly emulsions
• Calculate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, and quantities of surfactants required to form emulsions of a required HLB value.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the history, principles and processes underlying scientific hypothesis testing
2. Employ basic scientific principles to evaluate the validity and significance of scientific publications
3. Evaluate examples of scientific practice from an ethical perspective
4. Be able to present data graphically and to interpret graphical data from other sources.
5. To be able to quantify the relationship between variables using such techniques as regression and correlation;
6. Describe the statistical principles behind significance testing of experimental data;
7. Perform appropriate statistical analysis of experimental data and correctly identify significant differences between experimental groups

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain to peers how drugs have been discovered in the past and how molecular biological methods have revolutionised the science of drug discovery;
2. Understand and describe how molecular, cellular, tissue and in vivo biological assays each play a role in drug discovery;
3. Apply the principles involved in chemical synthesis of drugs;
4. Apply the principles of chemical structure-based drug design;
5. Evaluate physicochemical characteristics of lead compounds in drug discovery;
6. Apply the principles in the processes of lead optimization;
7. Apply basic formulation concepts to the underlying requirements for formulating products with different types of product including; powders (including solid compacts), solids, semi-solids and liquids including suspensions and emulsions;
8. Find and synthesise relevant information to explain the formulation and testing of a chosen product
9. Design an oral presentation to communicate their overall scientific findings
10. Write a press release that distils the combined semester findings to illustrate the relationship between the 3 disciplines to design, discover and develop a medicine

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of how the structure of lipids and proteins influence their function particularly in relation to membranes and receptors, transporters, ion channels and enzymes;
2. Analyse experimental results involving enzymes and receptor activation;
3. Explain the processes of intracellular signaling pathways activated by receptor ligands;
4. Compare and contrast different signaling pathways used by cells to respond to external signals;
5. Design experiments to test the activation of specific signaling pathways;
6. Analyse experiments and experimental techniques that are used in the study of biochemical pharmacology.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify how pharmacologically active chemicals can affect living systems through interactions with receptors;
2. Show how receptor activity can itself be modulated / modified / terminated by ligand binding;
3. Describe how modulation of receptor function enables the autonomic nervous system to regulate specific bodily functions;
4. Suggest possible cellular outcomes following multiple signalling inputs.

At the end of this unit students will develop:

1. A detailed knowledge of the structure of common functional groups contained in pharmaceuticals;
2. A detailed knowledge of the properties of functional groups, with a particular focus on steric, electronic and acid/base properties relevant to drug discovery and formulation;
3. An understanding of the reactivity of these functional groups;
4. An understanding of basic reaction mechanisms, kinetics and thermodynamics;
5. The practical ability to
1. perform a basic chemical reaction
2. purify the product(s)
3. analyse and characterise the product(s).

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the chemical compositions of aqueous solutions, the effects of electrolytes on chemical equilibria and solve equilibrium calculations for simple and complex systems;
2. Describe the basic principles underlying gravimetric and titrimetric methods of analysis (including precipitation titrations, neutralization titrations, complex acid/base systems, complexation reactions and titrations and non-aqueous titrations) and perform simple calculations to determine the concentrations of species of interest;
3. Develop an understanding of basic separations and chromatographic theory and apply this knowledge in predicting the separation, identification and quantitation of compounds;
4. Acquire knowledge of commonly used instrumental techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds, namely GLC and HPLC;
5. Explain the basic properties of electromagnetic radiation and the interactions between radiation and matter on an atomic and molecular level and calculate specific spectrochemical descriptors (energy, frequency, wavelength, % transmittance and absorbance);
6. Describe the functions of instrumental components used in optical spectrometry;
7. Describe the basic principles and applications of molecular absorption, molecular fluorescence and atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy;

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Discuss the physiological and physicochemical factors affecting drug absorption across the small intestine;
2. Define and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, including drug clearance, elimination half-life, volume of distribution, fraction unbound and fraction excreted unchanged in urine;
3. Calculate predicted plasma concentrations of drugs given the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug;
4. Define bioavailability and estimate the absolute and relative bioavailability of drugs given plasma concentration data;
5. Understand the physical, chemical and biological factors affecting parenteral drug delivery;
6. Understand formulation techniques for poorly water soluble drugs;
7. Discuss the factors affecting drug delivery to the eye, buccal cavity, nasal cavity, skin, lungs, vagina and rectum.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Draw mechanisms and rationalise the outcome of a range of functional group manipulations;
2. Rationalise the use of functional groups in organic synthesis;
3. Understand the use of organometallic reagents in synthesis and their reaction mechanisms;
4. Understand the role of molecular orbitals in pericyclic reactions;
5. Apply knowledge of organometallic, pericyclic and heterocyclic reactions to the design of synthetic routes for preparing simple organic compounds.

After completing this unit students will be expected to be able to:

1. Describe how spectroscopic techniques can be used in the process of identification of small drug like molecules;
2. Describe briefly the phenomena behind the spectroscopic techniques;
3. Analyse UV, IR, 1D NMR and Mass spectra of an unknown molecules and to use these to determine their structure;
4. Analyse 2D NMR spectra as a means to assign the NMR spectra of more complex molecules;
5. Demonstrate the correct reporting of spectroscopic data as used in medicinal chemistry.

At the end of this unit students will have:

1. A broad understanding of computational chemistry and its application to drug bimolecular problems;
2. An understanding of common molecular modelling terminology. An appreciation of the factors involved in performing quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and the information that these calculations can provide;
3. An appreciation of molecular mechanisms energy calculations and the information that these calculations can provide;
4. An understanding of the components making up molecular mechanic force fields including bond stretching, angle bending and dihedral angle terms and nonbonded interactions (van der Waals and electrostatic);
5. An understanding of molecular potential energy surfaces and the concepts of global and local minima;
6. An appreciation of energy optimisation methods including steepest descents and conjugate gradient methods;
7. An appreciation of approaches to finding global energy minima;
8. An understanding of the Boltzmann distribution and the relationship between temperature and the population of energetic states;
9. An appreciation of molecular simulation methods;
10. An understanding of drug physicochemical properties including electronic, steric and hydrophobic characteristics;
11. An understanding of the statistical methods used to develop QSAR equations;
12. An appreciation of the application of QSAR in drug discovery;
13. An appreciation of impact of drug physicochemical parameters on biopharmaceutical properties;
14. An understanding of the pharmacophore concept and its use in drug discovery;
15. An appreciation of structure and ligand-based drug design;
16. An appreciation of homology modelling methods;
17. The ability to use a specific molecular modelling package to study molecular conformation and analyse drug-receptor interactions;
18. Describe the molecular interactions which govern molecular structure including bonded, non-bonded and electrostatic interactions.

After completing this unit the student will have the following practical skills:

1. Perform simple molecular modeling studies using the molecular modeling package;
2. Describe the processes involved in molecular mechanics energy calculations;
3. Explain the processes involved in running quantum mechanics calculations;
4. Interpret and critique a QSAR equation;
5. Generate statistically acceptable QSAR equations from physicochemical parameters and biological activity data;
6. Derive simple pharmacophore models;
7. Describe protein-ligand interactions and how an understanding of these can be applied to drug design;
8. Investigate a research topic using literature sources and write a simple report.

On completion of the unit students will:

1. Solve problems using standard methods for quantitative analysis of concentration-time profiles, to obtain degradation rate constants, half-lives and shelf-lives;
2. Solve problems involving the physicochemical factors that influence reaction rates, especially the roles of temperature and acid-base equilibria;
3. Describe the common mechanisms for chemical degradation of typical organic drugs and excipients, and their applicability to new situations, with emphasis on
1. nucleophilic reactions
2. free radical reactions
4. Solve problems requiring application of methods for minimising the extent of degradation reactions, thus leading to increased life-times of formulated products;
5. Identify the conditions under which the kinetics involved in oxidation, photochemical and solid state degradation reactions can be separated into simple and complex models;
6. Describe the key physicochemical issues for therapeutic proteins, including formulation by lyophilisation;
7. Describe a wide range of common pharmaceutical excipient types, their physicochemical properties and their roles in formulations.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Differentiate between and illustrate kinetic and thermodynamic stability;
2. Predict suspension stability in terms of DLVO theory;
3. Describe DLVO theory and its components;
4. Describe different types of interaction that can occur between particles in different concentration of polymer - both adsorbing and non-adsorbing;
5. Illustrate and describe the total energy of interaction between surfaces;
6. Critically anaylse the lack of the stability of a suspension;
7. Design and conduct experiments given an experimental aim, including the collection, analysis and interpretation of the results;
8. Report on, and critically discuss, experimental findings, and draw appropriate conclusions;
9. Work effectively in teams, demonstrate effective time management and task prioritisation.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of eukaryotic cell biology by being able to explain the processes of normal cell function including comparing and contrasting how cellular processes are regulated
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of molecular biology and how it is used in cell biology
3. Explain, design and analyse molecular biology experiments
4. Explain how cell control is regulated in development and how it can be deregulated and predict its consequences
5. Analyse experiments and experimental techniques that are used in the study of cell biology

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the pathophysiology of the six diseases states under study;
2. Describe the physiological mechanisms which have been affected by these disorders;
3. Explain how affected physiological mechanisms can be manipulated by currently used drugs;
4. Design an experiment using various biological research methods to identify targets which may be therapeutically useful in the treatment of the disorders to be studied;
5. Analyse data obtained from research to see whether a new drug is considerably more effective than an established one;
6. Explain the different pharmacological targets which can be exploited to rebalance a patient's physiology in the treatment of disease;
7. Demonstrate the development of written and oral communication skills appropriate for 3rd year students - explain the pathophysiology for one disease state and one associated drug treatment, relating the drug target to the disease state.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Precisely operate standard laboratory equipment to conduct accurate volumetric dilutions and filtration to prepare samples and standard solutions
2. Explain in details each HPLC module function and the functioning of the integrated system to confidently operate the HPLC instrument (hardware software) to obtain accurate chromatograms
3. Explain in details the concepts of resolution, retention factor, selectivity, efficiency, peak tailing and other secondary responses and predict the impact of controllable factors on each of these responses
4. Design and conduct experiments to test these hypotheses,
5. Critically analyse and interpret the collected results to generalise the rules that govern HPLC
6. Create a concept map showing the complexity of the interactions between controllable factors and essential responses
7. Create a flow chart showing the complex decision making process necessary to develop a HPLC method in the context of reverse phase chromatography
8. Explain the principles of method validation and apply principles to a set of data to write a method validation report following ICH guidelines.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify the common classes of receptor and link this to an ability to define receptor agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists and allosteric modulators. In addition students will be able to cite examples of how compounds acting at receptors act as therapeutic agents;
2. Describe various classes of enzymes by the reactions they catalyse and show an understanding of the kinetic properties of enzymes;
3. Describe the utility of substrate analogues, transition state analogues, and irreversibly binding compounds as enzyme inhibitors. This will also be linked to an ability to understand how enzyme inhibitors act as therapeutic agents;
4. Describe the role of metal ions in enzymatic processes;
5. Show how ligands can recognize and modify DNA tertiary structure and link this with an ability to cite examples of how compounds acting at oligonucleotides function as therapeutics;
6. Distinguish ligand-based design, structure-based design and mechanism-based design strategies;
7. Understand the principles governing the generation of small molecule structure activity relationships;
8. Understand approaches to peptidomimetic design;
9. acquire skills in researching information and to present the findings in a structured, logical and fluent manner;
10. Be proficient in chemical laboratory techniques and communicating the results in written form.

At the end of this unit students will have an understanding of:

1. The major approaches to drug discovery;
2. The process of identifying a drug target and the steps required to validate that target;
3. Drugs that treat infectious diseases and approaches to developing those drugs;
4. The importance of pharmaceutics in drug development;
5. Pharmacokinetics in drug development;
6. The clinical trial process;
7. Legal documentation of pharmaceutical product invention.

At the end of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. A wider knowledge of synthetic methodology;
2. A knowledge of the use of catalysis in synthetic chemistry;
3. An understanding of radical reactions and their role in synthesis;
4. A broader knowledge of organometallic and heterocyclic chemistry;
5. The ability to undertake a retrosynthetic analysis and to design a synthesis of a target molecule;
6. The ability to read and understand the synthetic organic chemistry literature;
7. The practical ability to perform a routine synthesis in the laboratory and experience of most common operations in a synthetic chemistry laboratory.

Students will have learnt:

1. The key parameters used in the design of libraries for use drug-discovery and Chemical-Biology.
2. How to map structure-activity relationships and their role in lead optimization.
3. How to undertake the asymmetric synthesis of drug molecules
4. The key requirements of drug scale-up and manufacture
5. The role of drug conjugates in site-directed drug delivery and Chemical-Biology studies
6. To use emerging technologies in laboratory equipment (flow and microwave reactors)
7. How to separate reaction products using modern chromatographic techniques

After completing this unit students will be expected to be able to:

1. Analyse and interpret two dimensional spectra so as to identify the chemical structures of compounds;
2. Define the term Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) and account for the observation of NOEs in one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra of both small and large molecules;
3. Analyse and interpret NOE data to determine the conformation of small molecules;
4. Analyse and assign two-dimensional NMR spectra of small peptides;
5. Describe quantitatively the relationship between enthalpy, entropy and free energy;
6. Describe quantitatively the relationship between changes in free energy and equilibrium;
7. Apply the concepts of this thermodynamics module to selected examples of biochemical energetics, protein-drug binding and drug-receptor interactions;
8. Describe the principal NMR-based strategies for drug discovery and design;
9. Detail the factors which govern photon-initiated electronic excitation, and describe the processes by which molecules can relax. In particular, to describe the phenomena and applications associated with fluorescence;
10. Apply their knowledge of biophysical techniques including NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and calorimetry to analyse experimental data describing drugs binding to their receptors
11. Measure and record data relevant to the understanding of drug structure and and drug-receptor interactions;
12. Perform numerical calculations based on experimental or theoretical data;
13. Present written or oral results of experimental work.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. demonstrate an enhanced understanding and ability to interpret aspects of the basic science concepts supporting medicinal chemistry.
2. competently undertake a review of the literature and present a comprehensive evaluation of the literature.
3. demonstrate some basic skills in developing and planning a research project.
4. competently use relevant analytical instrumentation, design and conduct experimental procedures and methodologies.
5. undertake data manipulation and analysis and have a detailed understanding of the results.
6. communicate the outcomes of the project in the form of an oral presentation and a written scientific report in the form of a journal publication.

.

During the course of this unit, students will learn about a number of advanced computational technologies specifically implemented in the pharmaceutical sciences.

Students will be expected to:

1. Understand selected concepts and techniques underpinning computational drug design
2. Be able to apply knowledge of these techniques in predicting and evaluating drug-target interactions
3. Develop their ability to engage with the current literature and critically interpret research publications

After completing this unit students will be expected to be able to:

1. Develop a communication strategy with industry mentors
2. Define a research strategy to find, evaluate and organise authoritative and relevant information needed to solve the problem based on the theory and use of surfactants;
3. Synthesize findings, select relevant experimental factors to be studied to solve the problem
4. Design an experimental protocol to investigate selected factors' effects
5. Conduct the experiments according to industry standards and organise generated data
6. Methodically and systematically analyze data, critically discuss and interpret observed phenomena
7. Communicate scientific findings and conclusions in a professional scientific context
8. Work effectively in teams

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the organisation of quality assurance in pharmaceutics and apply the relevant concepts to case studies
2. Describe the categories of good manufacturing practice (GMP) elements, interpret and apply relevant principles of GMP in selected areas of pharmaceutical product development in the context of total quality
3. Find and apply relevant pharmaceutical guidelines of worldwide regulatory bodies to case studies including clinical trials
4. Understand the principles of intellectual property that apply to the development of pharmaceutical products
5. Describe the submission and approval process for pharmaceutical products to stringent regulatory authorities
6. Describe marketing regulations and controls related to commercialising pharmaceutical products
7. Work in teams and apply critical thinking, communication and problem solving skills

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the steps involved in industrial-scale cell culture mediated production and purification of a recombinant protein pharmaceutical active
2. Describe the structure and function of excipients required for formulation of biomolecules
3. Design a formulated biomolecular pharmaceutical product

Describe the principles behind the formulation of nanotechnology drug delivery systems, and the way they behave in invitro and in vivo environments.Describe, and conduct in practicals, the methods of characterization of nanotech drug delivery systems. Describe different modes of imaging and how nanotechnology can be used to improve imaging techniques. Describe typical approaches to diagnostics and describe the role of advanced formulation and nanotechnologies in modern diagnostics.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Define a research strategy to find, evaluate and organise authoritative and relevant information needed to solve the problem.
2. Synthesize findings, select relevant experimental factors (API, excipients and process) to be studied to solve the problem and predict their impact on tablet performance (testing).
3. Master the use of Design of Experiment (DoE) statistical tool recommended by current pharmaceutical guidelines by designing and testing an automated user-friendly professional program on MS Excel.
4. Design a DoE experimental protocol precise enough to be used by any technically qualified person, to investigate selected factors' effects.
5. Conduct the experiments according to industry standards to produce and test tablets.
6. Methodically and systematically analyze data using the DoE, critically discuss and interpret observed phenomena and relate to the initial hypotheses raised.
7. Communicate scientific findings and conclusions.
8. Work effectively in teams.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify areas of interest for their future career;
2. Participate effectively in interviews and write a professional resume.;
3. Work in a team in the context of a professional environment;
4. Design an experimental approach to solving a problem;
5. Prepare a technical report and present on experimental work conducted to the Monash supervisor and the industry team and managers;
6. Reflect on professional experience

On completion of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe how chemical probes and new drugs are discovered.
2. Describe the major mechanisms whereby targets for drug action are identified
3. Be cognisant of the important systems used in assaying potentially therapeutically useful compounds.
4. Compare and contrast the pharmacological properties various classes of drugs and how these can modulate biological function.
5. Evaluate data - determine drug properties if given real or simulated experimental data
6. Explain how molecular biology and various chemistry methods are used to probe biological function,
7. Explain the principles involved in the design, performance and evaluation of experiments to discover new compounds (analyse papers, rate them according to those principles?)
8. Critically evaluate the scientific literature in the area of chemical biology
9. Obtain and effectively use scientific information to write and present reports and essays.

After completing this unit, students should be able to:

1. Describe the normal physiology of the central nervous system and cell replication cycles
2. For each disease or disorder, be able to explain the pathogenesis and the signs and symptoms of the disease, and relate these to the pathophysiology
3. Describe the diagnosis, risk factors / epidemiology and the burden of the disease on society
4. Explain the mechanism of action of current treatment options, explain their rationale of use, advantages and disadvantages, side effects and other limitations
5. Build a learning portfolio that:

• Includes discussion of relevant biological models, preclinical and clinical issues, and a proposed investigation into a novel therapeutic option
• Proposes new targets for therapeutic interventions or identifies areas of the pathophysiology yet to be exploited
• Describes and evaluates relevant biological disease models
• Investigates current research efforts, both preclinical and clinical, and identifies how novel therapeutic interventions may be assessed for efficacy within current models, or proposes new methods of investigation

At the end of this unit students will be able to discuss:

1. What, in a cellular context, cancers represent;
2. How cells usually prevent their own uncontrolled growth;
3. Common signalling underlying tumor growth;

Furthermore students should be able to use this knowledge to:

1. Answer specific questions around the pathophysiology of cancer cell growth;
2. Use sound scientific principles and inquiry-based approaches to design, undertake and analyse experiments that increase our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cancer cell growth

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain skills in research and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who may wish to pursue further study in research-orientated postgraduate programs.

At the end of this elective, students will be able to:

1. Describe recent advances in research in pharmaceutical science and the literature within their area of research;
2. Demonstrate skills in defining a hypothesis, designing an approach to test the hypothesis, planning experiments, undertaking experiments, analysing and interpreting data and writing a research report;
3. Discuss basic research philosophies and approaches.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. to demonstrate an enhanced understanding and ability to interpret aspects of the basic science concepts supporting medicinal chemistry.
2. competently undertake a review of the literature and present a comprehensive evaluation of the literature.
3. demonstrate some basic skills in developing and planning a research project.
4. competently use relevant analytical instrumentation, design and conduct experimental procedures and methodologies.
5. undertake data manipulation and analysis and have a detailed understanding of the results.
6. communicate the outcomes of the project in the form of an oral presentation and a written scientific report in the form of a journal publication.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain skills in research and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who may wish to pursue further study in research-orientated postgraduate programs.

At the end of this elective, students will be able to:

1. Undertake and present a critical evaluation of the literature that describes recent advances in pharmaceutical research with a focus on their area of research ;
2. Demonstrate skills in defining a hypothesis, designing an approach to test the hypothesis, planning experiments, undertaking experiments, analysing and interpreting data and writing a research report;
3. Demonstrate competence in using analytical instrumentation;
4. Discuss basic research philosophies and approaches.
5. Communicate outcomes of the project.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of medicinal chemistry and drug action research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the drug delivery and lead optimization research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the drug delivery and lead optimization research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the drug delivery and lead optimization research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of medicine use and safety research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a laboratory (if relevant)
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based/or otherwise studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the medicine use and safety research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of (laboratory-based/or otherwise) studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline