Dr Christopher Porter
36 lectures, 10 tutorials and 57 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to provide students with a detailed knowledge and understanding of the formulation, preparation, and basic pharmacokinetics of certain dose forms.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Biopharmaceutics. Structure and properties of membranes, mechanisms of drug transfer across membranes, effects of ionisation state, pH-partition hypothesis. Plasma protein binding of drugs, distribution and disposition of drugs, apparent volume of distribution, factors affecting drug accumulation in tissues, drug half-lives, pharmacokinetic modelling.
Tablets and powders. Particle size and distribution, particle size determination, flow properties. Mixing and mixers, granulation, tablets, manufacturing processes, special tablets, weight, content and physical uniformity, excipient interaction, in vitro disintegration and dissolution tests and requirements.
Disperse systems. Colloidal systems, kinetic, optical, electrical properties of solid-liquid dispersions, electrical and steric stabilisation of solid-liquid dispersions, nucleation and ageing.
Foams. Stability of foams, choice of surfactant, antifoaming agents.
Aerosols. Liquified and compressed aerosol propellants; two-phase aerosols; three-phase aerosols; aerosol formulation; aerosol stability; non-pressure pack aerosols, atomisers, packaging, containers.
Capsules. Hard and soft gelatin capsule walls, stability of macrocapsules, in vitro testing, in vitro/in vivo correlations. Manufacture of different types of microcapsules. Advantages and disadvantages of capsules.
Nineteen 3-hour practical sessions
Practical classes are designed to provide experience in the preparation of certain pharmaceutical dose forms and reinforcement of the principles of pharmaceutics covered in the lecture series.
Recommended texts
Florence A T and Attwood D Physicochemical principles of pharmacy 2nd edn, Macmillan, 1988
Martindale W The extra pharmacopoeia 31st edn, Pharmaceutical Press, 1996
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia Australian pharmaceutical formulary 15th edn, PSA, 1992
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Office consolidation 2nd edn, PBV, 1987
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Pharmacy board guidelines PBV, 1997
Shargel L and Yu A B C Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics 3rd edn, Appleton and Lange, 1993
Shaw D J Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry 4th edn, Butterworths-Heinemann, 1992
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics II laboratory manuals VCP, 1997
Reference books
Avis K E and others Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Parenteral medications vol. 1, 2nd edn, Dekker, 1992
Aulton M E (ed.) Pharmaceutics, the science of dosage form design Churchill Livingstone, 1988
Collett D M and Aulton M E Pharmaceutical practice Churchill Livingstone, 1990
Gibaldi M Biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, 1991
Lachman L and others The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy 3rd edn, Lea and Febiger, 1986
Martin A N and others Physical pharmacy 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, 1993
Parrott E L Pharmaceutical technology Burgess, 1970
Pharmaceutical Press The pharmaceutical codex 12th edn, Pharmaceutical Press, 1994
USP United States pharmacopoeia 23rd revision, USP Convention, 1995
Journal references
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutical Research
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Dr Ian Crosby
67 lectures, 13 tutorials and 66 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to build on the basic physical and organic chemistry taught in `Medicinal chemistry I', and to apply it to aspects of chemistry relevant to pharmacy.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Stereochemistry. Molecular geometry, symmetry, isomerism, configuration, conformation, conformational analysis; the use of conformationally restricted analogues in determining receptor structure and the shape of active drugs; preparation of homochiral compounds, implications of stereo-chemistry for drug design and delivery.
Spectroscopy. NMR, IR, UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry - underlying processes and applications in the pharmaceutical industry; interpretation of spectra; identification of compounds using spectroscopic techniques.
Aromatic chemistry. Differences between aromatic and aliphatic compounds; resonance theory and stabilisation, acid/base properties; linear free-energy relationships, Hammett plots, sigma and rho values, effect of substituents on drug stability; steric effects; structure-activity relationships in local anaesthetics; heterocyclic aromatic compounds - nomenclature and properties, role of heterocyclic compounds in biological systems.
Receptor structure. Chemistry of the peptide bond; factors affecting primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins; functional groups involved in binding of drugs to protein; thermodynamics of drug binding, stereochemistry, drug binding and the three-dimensional structure of proteins; techniques involved in determining protein structure.
Chemistry of enzymes. Catalysis of reactions, particularly ester and amide hydrolysis; pH rate profiles; transition-state stabilisation, general acid and general base catalysis, nucleophilic catalysis, metal-ion catalysis, and their role in reactions catalysed by enzymes; pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes; enzymes as targets for drugs.
Electrochemistry. Activity, ionic strength, junction potentials; Debye-Huckel theory, Ferguson principle for drug equi-action; ion-selective electrodes, pH measurements, amperometric electrodes, and their role in pharmacy/clinical chemistry; composition of pharmaceutical glasses; biological cell potentials.
Partition and chromatography. Liquid-liquid distribution, extraction efficiency; principles underlying HPLC, gas, gas-liquid, partition and thin-layer chromatography; relationship between pH, drug structure, dissolution medium and drug distribution, electrophoresis.
Diagnostic aids. Sampling techniques, clinical stick devices, tests for nitrate, pH, glucose, protein and cholesterol, and their clinical significance; tests for enzymes and lipoproteins; drug interferences in clinical tests.
Radiopharmacy. Types and units of radiation, maximum doses, background radiation; protection required for different forms of radiation; technetium generators and production of isotopes of pharmaceutical interest; preparation of radiopharmaceutical dose forms; X-ray and radio-isotopic imaging; the use of isotopes in sterilisation.
Autonomic nervous system agents. Cholinergic system: muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; structure and activity of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase; reversible and irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase; treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning; cholinergic blocking agents and their use as muscle relaxants; degradation of muscle relaxants. Adrenergic system: structure and function of noradrenaline; inactivation of noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catecholamine-0-methyl transferase; a- and b-adrenoceptors; chemistry of a-adrenergic antagonists; chemistry and selectivity of b-active agents.
Thermodynamics. Reversible, irreversible and spontaneous processes; disorder, entropy, free energy; equilibrium constants; entropy and enthalpy-driven processes; coupled reactions; measurement of DG; calculation of free-energy changes, van't Hoff plots; applications of thermodynamic concepts to biochemical reactions, conformational equilibria, phase transitions, and drug-receptor interactions.
QSAR. The value of non-traditional approaches to drug design; Hammett, Hansch and Taft constants; use of pKa, partition and hydrolysis data to predict drug stability; multiparameter and non-mathematical approaches.
Sixty-six hours of practical work.
Practical classes are designed to reinforce chemical principles taught in the lecture series and to illustrate the analytical bases of quality assurance for pharmaceutical products. Emphasis is placed on technique and general methods. Performance in laboratory classes is taken into account in assessing students' results in this subject.
Recommended texts
As prescribed for `Medicinal chemistry I' and
Griffiths P J F and Thomas J D R Calculations in advanced physical chemistry 3rd edn, Arnold, 1983
Victorian College of Pharmacy Medicinal chemistry II laboratory manual VCP, 1997
Reference books
As prescribed for `Medicinal chemistry I' and
Albert A Selective toxicity 7th edn, Chapman and Hall, 1985
Branden C and Tooze J Introduction to protein structure Garland, 1991
Chang R Physical chemistry with applications to biological systems 2nd edn, Macmillan, 1981
Connors K A and others Chemical stability of pharmaceuticals 2nd edn, Wiley, 1986
Delgado I N and Remers W A Wilson and Gisvold's `Textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry' 9th edn, Lippincott, 1991
Fersht A R Enzyme structure and mechanism 2nd edn, Freeman, 1985
Field L D Organic structures from spectra 2nd edn, Wiley, 1995
Florence A T and Attwood D Physicochemical principles of pharmacy 2nd edn, Macmillan, 1988
Foye W O Principles of medicinal chemistry 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, 1995
Furniss B S and others Vogel's `Textbook of practical organic chemistry' 5th edn, Longman, 1989
Jeffrey G H and others Vogel's `Textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis' 5th edn, Longman, 1989
Kaplan L A and Pesce A J Clinical chemistry 3rd edn, Mosby, 1996
Martin A N and others Physical pharmacy 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, 1993
Moran L A and others Biochemistry 2nd edn, N Patterson, 1994
Selinger B Chemistry in the marketplace 4th edn, Harcourt, 1991
Silverman R B The Organic chemistry of drug design and drug action Academic, 1992
Solomons T W G Organic chemistry 6th edn, Wiley, 1996
Sykes P A guidebook to mechanism in organic chemistry 6th edn, Longman, 1986
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include :
Dr Ian Coupar
The overall subject consists of two components (i) a section dealing with systematic pharmacology and (ii) a basic course in biochemistry. The principal aim of the pharmacology course is to provide students with a knowledge of systematic pharmacology based on drug groups and to extend physiological and pathophysiological concepts in relation to the uses of drugs, their mechanisms of action and their side effects. The aim of the biochemistry course is to provide students with an understanding of biochemistry and of biochemical concepts as a base for later work in other subjects within the pharmaceutical sciences.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Pharmacology
78 lectures, 10 tutorials and 54 hours of practical work.
Pharmacology of neuroeffector systems. Humoral transmission. Historical background. Synthesis, storage, release, metabolism and termination of action of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and other transmitters. Modulation of transmitter release. Pharmacological actions of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters. Drugs which mimic and antagonise the muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine. Skeletal neuromuscular function, myasthenia gravis, competitive and depolarising blocking drugs. Agonists and antagonists at a- and b- adrenoceptors. Drugs affecting the synthesis, storage, release and inactivation of neurotransmitters. The role of calcium in transmission and effector organ function. Membrane stabilisers and labilisers. Local anaesthetics. Neurotoxins and muscle toxins.
Autacoids. Synthesis, storage, release, metabolism and pharmacological actions of substances such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kinins, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. Substances released during anaphylaxis. Antigen-antibody reactions as they affect allergic and inflammatory states. Drugs used in the treatment of allergies, acute inflammatory conditions and collagen diseases.
Drug-receptor interaction. Receptors. Theories of drug action. Kinetics of drug-receptor interactions. Agonists, antagonists, drug-receptor binding studies, receptor-response coupling, second messenger systems. Ion channels and their regulation.
Cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. Cardiac output, its modulation, measurement and regulation. Circulation. Haemodynamics, pressures and flow in arteries, capillaries and veins, the systemic circulation, nervous and humoral control, auto-regulation. Blood flow through special regions, the pulmonary, coronary, splanchnic, muscle and skin circulation. Integrative analysis of the circulation. Hypertension and its consequences. Antihypertensive drugs, mechanisms of action, side effects and clinical uses.
Renal physiology and pharmacology. Ultrastructure of the kidney. The formation of urine. Active transport systems in the nephron, competition, saturation and inhibition. Regulation of acid-base and water balance. Diuretics, mechanisms of action. Mobilisation of oedema fluid. Treatment of diuretic-induced hypokalemia. Aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system, spironolactone. Renal disease.
The central nervous system. Anatomy of the human brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves. Blood supply, cerebrospinal fluid. Location of sensory, motor and association areas. Somatic and autonomic reflex arcs. CNS transmitters and their function. Sensory pathways with particular relevance to pain. Pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems. Control of spasticity. Medullary and hypothalamic function. Basic pharmacology of morphine and opioids, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, central muscle relaxants, antidepressants, hallucinogens and methylxanthines.
Practical
Practical classes are designed to provide experience through in vivo and in vitro experiments, seminars and discussion groups to illustrate and extend principles discussed in the lecture course.
Recommended texts
Ganong W F Review of medical physiology 17th edn, Appleton and Lange, 1995
Katzung B G Basic and clinical pharmacology 6th edn, Appleton and Lange, 1995
Rang H P and Dale M M Pharmacology 3rd edn, Churchill Livingstone, 1995
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmacology I laboratory manual VCP, 1997
Reference books
Clarke W G and others Goth's `Medical pharmacology' 13th edn, Mosby, 1992
Goodman L S and Gilman A The pharmacological basis of therapeutics 9th edn, Macmillan, 1996
Laurence D R and Bennett P N Clinical pharmacology 7th edn, Churchill Livingstone, 1992
Lullmann H and others Color atlas of pharmacology Thieme, 1993
Netter F H Heart (Ciba collection of medical illustration, vol. 5) Ciba Foundation, 1969
Netter F H Nervous system (Ciba collection of medical illustration, vol. 1) rev. edn, Ciba Pharmaceutical, 1983-1986
Vander A J and others Human physiology 6th edn, McGraw-Hill, 1994
Biochemistry
Dr Helen Irving
25 lectures, 4 tutorials and 15 hours of practical work
Biomolecules - structure and molecular properties
Water and bioenergetics. Physical and chemical properties, weak interactions. Free energy change, activation energy, equilibrium states. Coupled reactions, high energy compounds. Biological oxidation-reduction reactions, electron carriers.
Amino acids, peptides and proteins. Amino acid stereoisomerisation, amphoteric nature, classification by R groups, isoelectric point, pK1, pK2, pKR. Peptide bonds, peptides as active biological molecules. Proteins classified by different biological functions. 3-D structure of proteins - secondary, tertiary and quaternary, a-helix, ß-conformation, ß-turns. Cooperativity. Protein denaturation/renaturation. Enzyme kinetics (role of enzymes and Michaelis-Menten kinetics). Mechanisms of enzyme action, inhibitors, enzyme regulation (allosteric, covalent, zymogens, isoenzymes), cofactors.
Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides (aldoses/ketones), stereo-isomerisation, ring structures, a/ß configuration, reducing sugars. Derivatives, disaccharides, polysaccharides, peptideoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids.
Lipids and membranes. Fatty acids (saturated/unsaturated), triacylglycerols, waxes. Membrane lipids - glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols. Specific biological functions - steroid hormones, PIP2 hydrolysis, eicosanoids (prostaglandins, tromboxane, leukotrienes), fat soluble vitamins. Membrane fluidity and asymmetry (lipids and proteins). Peripheral and integral proteins.
Nucleotides/nucleic acids. Nucleotide structure, chemical energy, components of co-factors, monomers of nucleic acids. Nucleic acid structure. Phosphodiester bonds. DNA-strand complementarity, antiparallel strands. Chromosome structure and DNA organisation. RNA single strand, irregular secondary structure. Palindromes - hairpins and cruciforms
Metabolism and information pathways
Oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial structure, electron transfer chain, chemiosmotic theory, ATP production. Oxidation of acetylCoA to CO2 and production of reduced electron carriers, central role in metabolism, source of metabolic precursors, regulation within cycle.
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate - anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis; ATP production, regulation, gluconeogenesis. Glycogen metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway. Lipoproteins and role in lipid transport. b-oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis, ATP and water production, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol, phospholipids. Hormonal regulation.
Nitrogen metabolism. Essential amino acids, transamination, role of alanine, glutamine, glutamate, deamination, urea cycle. Fate of carbon skeletons, sources of substrates for nutritionally non-essential amino acids, precursors of biologically active amines. Role of creatine. Nucleotide synthesis, degradation and regulation.
Information transfer. Gene structure, promoters, exons and introns. DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA recombination. RNA structure - ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, messenger RNA. Transcription, primary transcripts, splicing, ribozyme. Ribosome structure. Translation. Polypeptide synthesis, post-translational modifications, protein targeting. Regulation of gene expression.
Molecular biology. Principles and techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology. Roles in diagnostics and medicine.
Practical
Practical classes are designed to provide experience through experiments and discussion groups to illustrate and extend principles discussed in the lecture course.
Recommended texts
Campbell P N and Smith A D Biochemistry illustrated 3rd edn, Churchill Livingstone, 1994
Lehninger A L Principles of biochemistry 2nd edn, Worth, 1993
Murray R K and others Harper's biochemistry 24th edn, Appleton and Lange, 1996
Victorian College of Pharmacy Biochemistry laboratory manual VCP, 1997
Reference books
Alberts B and others Molecular biology of the cell 3rd edn, Garland, 1994
Gilbert H F Basic concepts in biochemistry. A student's survival guide McGraw-Hill, 1992
Horton H R Principles of biochemistry 2nd edn,N Patterson, 1996
Stryer L Biochemistry 4thd edn, Freeman, 1995
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Dr Ian Griffith
78 lectures, 13 tutorials and 60 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to provide students with a detailed knowledge and understanding of the pharmaceutical aspects of microbiology, immunology, parasitology, general pathology and basic epidemiology.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Introductory microbiology. Historical development: microorganisms as a cause of disease. Occurrence and role of microbes in the biosphere. Principles of classification. Basic morphological and physiological features of the main groups of microorganisms.
Host-parasite relationships. Nature of pathogens, parasites, commensals. Symbiosis. Transmissible disease, virulence, pathogenicity, invasiveness, infectivity, toxins, pyrogens. Barriers to infection: skin and mucosa, body secretions, resident microbial flora. Innate immunity: role of inflammation, complement, reticuloendothelial system.
Virology. Structure of viruses, methods of propagation, pathogenic mechanisms. Classification of viruses. Viral diseases of medical importance. Antiviral agents.
Bacteriology. Comparison of subcellular structures of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Summary treatment of microbial nutrition and energy production, and catabolic and anabolic processes. Synthesis of murein. Cell division. Spore formation and germination. Growth and death of microbes.
Elementary microbial genetics. Population dynamics. Variation and adaptation. Expression and detection of mutation. Transfer of genetic information; conjugation, transformation, transduction. Extrachromosomal elements; lysogeny. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.
Mycology. Classification of fungi. Medical mycology. Pathological reactions to fungi. Antifungal agents; selective toxicity. Fungi useful to humanity.
Parasitology. Parasites of medical importance; antiprotozoal agents and anthelminthics.
Infectious diseases. Principles of isolation and identification of infectious agents. Infections of the respiratory, gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary tracts; of the skin and eye; systemic infections. Important pathogens of domestic animals and plants. More detailed treatment of some problem pathogens.
Immunology. Active and passive immunity. Structural components of the immune system: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, peripheral lymphoid tissue. Acquired specific immunity: humoral and cellular. Cytokines. Hypersensitivity reactions. Vaccines and blood products. The immunology of tissue and organ grafts, autoimmune disease. Cancer immunology. Immunological tests. Monoclonal antibodies.
Antisepsis. Nature of, and principles governing, the mechanism of action and use of antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives.
Sterilisation. Principles and practice of sterilisation (filtration, heat, chemical, radiation), aseptic dispensing and sterility assurance. Control of particle and pyrogen levels.
Contamination control. Microbial contamination of the workplace: industrial, hospital and home environments. Aseptic techniques, monitoring contamination, clean room design and function.
Anti-microbial agents. Selective toxicity, spectrum and classification of antimicrobial agents. Concept of rational chemotherapy vis a vis identity of pathogen, acute/chronic/recurrent infections, site of infection, resistance, adverse drug reactions, and laboratory involvement. Roles of best-guess therapy, antibiotic prophylaxis, combined therapy and supportive treatment.
Epidemiology. Reservoirs of infection: means of transmission, carrier state, latent infections, alternate hosts, vectors. Epidemics and zoonoses. Methods of control. Quarantine: travel regulations.
Fifteen 3-hour and 1-hour practical classes.
Practical classes are designed to provide experience of the principles taught in the lecture course and teach the skills required for the preparation of sterile pharmaceutical products and the handling and culture of microorganisms.
Recommended texts
Antibiotic Guidelines Sub-Committee Antibiotic guidelines 9th edn, Victorian Medical Postgraduate Foundation, 1996
Benenson A S Control of communicable diseases manual 16th edn, American Public Health Association, 1995
Hugo W D and Russell A D Pharmaceutical microbiology 5th edn, Blackwell, 1992
Ketchum P A Microbiology: Concepts and applications Wiley, 1988
Mims C A and others Medical microbiology Mosby, 1993
Reference books
Avis K E and others Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Parenteral medications vols 1 and 2, Dekker, 1992
The Bantam medical dictionary rev. edn, Bantam, 1990
Block S Disinfection, sterilization and preservation 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, 1991
Brock TD and others Biology of microorganisms 7th edn, Prentice-Hall, 1994
Brooks G F and others Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's `Medical microbiology' 20th edn, Appleton and Lange, 1995
Davis B D and others Microbiology 4th edn, Lippincott, 1990
Lambert H P and O'Grady F Antibiotics and chemotherapy 6th edn, Churchill Livingstone, 1992
Maurer I M Hospital hygiene 3rd edn, Edward Arnold, 1985
Mims C A Pathogenesis of infectious disease 4th edn, Academic Press, 1995
Morello J A and others Microbiology in patient care 5th edn, Brown, 1994
Murray P R and others Medical microbiology 2nd edn, Mosby, 1994
National Health and Medical Research Council Immunisation procedures 5th edn, AGPS, 1994
Philllips J and others The biology of disease Blackwell, 1995
Roitt I M and others Immunology 4th edn, Mosby, 1996
Schaechter M and others Mechanisms of microbial disease 2nd edn, Williams and Wilkins, 1993
Turco S and King R E Sterile dosage forms 4th edn, Lea and Febiger 1994
White D O and Fenner F J Medical virology 4th edn, Academic Press, 1994
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Mr Arthur Pappas
13 lectures, 8 tutorials and 27 hours of practical work.
This subject follows on from `Pharmacy practice I' but concentrates more on patients and their environment with particular attention spent on the interaction between pharmacist and patient. It also introduces the concept of problem solving from the point of view of pharmacist/patient/prescriber, and the role of the pharmacist in intervening in the therapeutic situation. Accordingly, the major aims of this subject are to provide students with a knowledge and understanding of the principles of counselling, illness behaviour, compliance and problem solving situations in the therapeutic milieu.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Counselling and communications. Communication skills, professional-patient communication, interprofessional communication. Listening skills, barriers to communication, rapport, empathy, interviewing skills. Advanced counselling skills.
Patient compliance. The problem of non-compliance to health oriented regimens. Statistics and reasons for non-compliance to therapeutic regimens. The patient, the health provider, the social milieu, the therapeutic regimen, the health belief system. Methods of improving compliance.
Patient education. Definition of health education, methods of health education, improving compliance. Practical recommendations to improve comprehension, recall and compliance. The principles of brevity, organisation, primacy, readability, repetition and specificity.
Social pharmacy. The influence of others on behaviour. Categorisation and its dangers in the patient-provider situation. Groups and behaviour, obedience and behaviour. Person perception, behaviour and the patient.
Illness behaviour. What is illness behaviour? Parson's concept of role; the sick role; the well role. Social class and the sick role. Mechanic's Help Seeking Process. Suchman's five stages of the illness experience.
The placebo. Historical perspective, definitions, incidence, mechanisms, practitioner behaviour and placebo effect, patient characteristics and placebo effect, patient-practitioner communication and placebo effect, situational determinants of placebo effects, social norms and the placebo effect, generalisability and the placebo effect, the placebo as a methodological tool, alternative therapies and the placebo effect.
Practical classes are designed to provide experience in dispensing, communication and counselling, oral presentations (an extension of `Pharmacy practice I'), problem-solving situations and computer software.
Recommended texts
Human behaviour text prescribed for `Pharmacy practice I'.
Facts and Comparisons Drug interaction facts Facts and Comparisons, 1996
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Pharmacy board guidelines PBV, 1997
Quintrell N Communication skills. A manual for pharmacists rev. edn, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, 1994
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics II/Pharmacy practice II laboratory manual VCP, 1997
Reference books
Australian prescription products guide APP, 1996
Fitzpatrick R and others The experience of illness Tavistock, 1984
Martindale W The extra pharmacopoeia 31st edn, Pharmaceutical Press, 1996
Wertheimer A I and Smith M C Pharmacy practice: Social and behavioral aspects 3rd edn, Williams and Wilkins, 1989
Journal references
Australian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
Australian Journal of Pharmacy
Australian Pharmacist
Australian Prescriber
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
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