Medicine is the study of the clinical presentation and treatment of diseases including clinical diagnosis and diseases affecting humans. Surgery is the study of the medical specialisation concerned with principles and practices for treating diseases, injuries, defects and deformities by manual operation and manipulation, and by using instruments and appliances. Examples include post-operative patient progress monitoring, surgical diagnosis, and surgical procedures and techniques.
Students in postgraduate research courses in medicine and surgery are prepared to become independent investigators and pursue medical research.