This unit lays a foundation of knowledge about mammalian systems and provides the relationship between pathophysiology and the rational design and use of drugs. Students will be introduced to the physiological basis of disease, highlighting the causal connections between cell biochemistry, body function at the tissue, organ and system level and human health. Several cells, organs and systems will be considered in detail, and one or more examples of disease states which are amenable to pharmacotherapy will be discussed.

The unit aims to provide a basic understanding of the functions of organs and systems such as the nervous and endocrinological systems; however, an equal emphasis will be placed on one of the key components of drug discovery, the choice of therapeutic target based on a thorough understanding of the disease process. The principal aim of this unit is to provide students with an understanding of basic biological principles and how these can be applied in pharmaceutical science. Students will be introduced to experimental approaches to solving biochemical and physiological research questions and to fundamental laboratory techniques.

Topics to be covered include:

• cells, tissues, organs and systems
• homeostasis
• macromolecules
• metabolism
• DNA replication, gene transcription and translation
• the nervous system
• endocrinology

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the role of molecules, cells, tissues, organs and systems in ensuring homeostasis and effective functioning of the body;
2. Compare different body systems in terms of their structure and function at the organ, tissue, cell and macromolecule level;
3. Explain how drug molecules target cell components to mimic, modulate or disrupt physiological processes;
4. Predict the effect of disrupting cellular processes on cellular and system function and on human health;
5. Suggest a rational drug therapy strategy to target a disease state with known pathophysiological causes;
6. Design and perform an hypothesis-driven experimental approach to investigate physiological processes;
7. Safely and effectively carry out a basic laboratory procedure using common biochemical and physiological techniques;
8. Analyse and communicate experimental findings;
9. Research a topic in the area of physiology, and present the findings of such research (written and verbal), at an appropriate scientific level.

Final exam (2 hour):50%; in-semester assessment 50%.

• One hour per week of guided preparation (online)
• Two hours per week of interactive lectures
• Three hours per week of laboratories or workshops

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

This unit builds and extends on concepts learnt in PSC1011 Human Physiology I: Cells to systems. This unit extends on a foundation of knowledge about mammalian systems and the relationship between pathophysiology and the rational design and use of drugs. Students will investigate the physiological basis of disease, highlighting the causal connections between cell biochemistry, body function at the tissue, organ and system level and human health. Several cells, tissues, organs and systems will be analysed in detail, and examples of disease states amenable to pharmacotherapy will be discussed. The unit aims to provide a basic understanding of the functions of organs and systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems; however, there is an equal emphasis on one of the key components of drug discovery: the choice of therapeutic target based on a thorough understanding of mechanism of action of drugs. A primary aim of this unit is to provide students with an understanding of basic pharmacological principles and how these are applied in pharmaceutical science. Students will undertake experimental approaches designed to solve biochemical, pharmacological and physiological research questions.

Topics to be covered include the:

• fundamentals of drug action
• cardiovascular system
• respiratory system
• pathophysiology of human disease states

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the structure and function of each major cell, tissue, organ and organ system considered within the unit;
2. Explain how ligands interact with protein targets, such as receptors and enzymes;
3. Compare (evaluate, characterise) pharmaceutical agents based on quantitative and qualitative parameters (affinity, potency, efficacy, etc.)
4. Compare and contrast agonists and antagonists and describe how their characteristics and behaviour can be measured;
5. Analyse and predict the effects observed within a cell, and the impact on cellular function following activation of specific receptor families and receptor (sub)types;
6. Analyse selected disorders and disease states using an understanding of the physiological basis of the disease;
7. Practice basic laboratory techniques and communicate experimental findings;
8. Research a contentious topic in the area of physiology, and debate the findings of such research, at an appropriate scientific level.

Final exam:50%; in-semester assessment 50%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Twelve 1-hour consolidation classes
• Six 2-hour laboratories
• Six 2-hour workshops

Preparation:

• Twelve one-hour online preparation modules

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

This unit introduces students to the principles of molecular structure that determine the chemical properties and mechanism of action of therapeutic agents. After examining how the rules of chemical bonding and molecular shape derive from the electronic structure of atoms, the unit will explore how these rules lead to the complex architecture of organic chemistry and to patterns of molecular reactivity. This will involve a discussion of the following topics:

• Hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
• Haloalkanes
• Chirality
• Alcohols, ethers and thiols
• Aromatic compounds (benzene and its derivatives)

Analytical methods (spectrophotometry, NMR and IR spectroscopy) to identify molecules and their structural features will be introduced in theory and practice. In laboratory classes, students will learn how to harness molecular reactivity for the preparation of medicinal compounds using common organic chemical techniques.

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules;
2. Determine the identity and molecular structure of small molecules using spectroscopic, chromatographic and other experimental data.
3. Safely and competently perform a basic laboratory investigation using standard laboratory techniques.

Final exam (2 hour):50%; in-semester assessment:50%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty four 1-hour lectures
• Six 3-hour laboratories
• Six 3-hour workshops
• Twelve one-hour online preparation modules

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

This unit will investigate the principles of molecular interactions and reactions that form the basis of biochemical processes and drug action. Building on the concepts of chemical structure and reactivity introduced in Medicinal Chemistry I, this unit will examine the structural and electronic features of the most common organic compound classes (including carboxylic acids and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones and amines) and how these features define their chemical behaviour. This discussion will be extended to molecules with multiple functional groups, including synthetic polymers and the most important classes of biomolecules (DNA, carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids). In addition, the unit will introduce students to the chemistry of metal complexes (coordination chemistry) and their use as therapeutic agents.

Throughout the unit, the patterns of chemical interactions and reactivity emerging from the properties of different compound classes will be applied to the discussion of drug binding, drug action and drug design.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Apply the key concepts in chemical structure and bonding, including functional groups, to rationalising the shape, properties and reactions of molecules.
2. Predict the products of chemical reactions based on consideration of their reaction mechanism.
3. Analyse the potential for interactions and reactions between drug molecules, biomolecules and solvents.
4. Determine the identity and molecular structure of small molecules using spectroscopic, chromatographic and other experimental data.
5. Safely and competently perform a basic laboratory investigation using standard laboratory techniques.

Final written examination: 50%; in-semester assessments: 50%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 3-hour workshops
• Six 3-hour laboratories

Preparation:

• Twelve one-hour online preparation modules

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

This unit provides a basic understanding of physical chemistry and together with Physical Chemistry II (BPS1032) provides the conceptual and intellectual foundation for further studies in pharmaceutical science units in 2nd and 3rd year.

Students will develop an:

1. Understanding of the physicochemical principles that underpin pharmaceutical chemistry, drug design and formulation design;
2. Ability to undertake calculations concerning the physicochemical properties of pharmaceuticals and aspects of pharmaceutical products;
3. Ability to measure some fundamental properties of pharmaceutical materials through laboratory exercises;

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Define acidity and basicity constants in the context of species in solution, apply the principles of buffering and acid-base titrations, calculate pH of aqueous solutions, and predict drug characteristics (absorption behaviour and solubility) based on their acid/base properties. Identify the most common organic functional groups that exhibit acidic or basic behaviour in aqueous solutions.
2. Define and calculate thermodynamic properties, explain laws of thermodynamics and concepts of state functions, and relate thermodynamic concepts to the design and function of pharmaceutical products.
3. Explain the concepts of phase equilibria, sketch and interpret phase equilibria diagrams, estimate physicochemical properties based on phase equilibria diagrams, and relate these parameters to properties of pharmaceutical products.
4. Describe kinetics terminology, explain kinetic theories, construct rate laws based on experimental data, manipulate integrated rate laws to calculate concentration, relate reaction rates to temperature, and predict stability of pharmaceutical products in temporal terms.
5. Conduct mathematical calculations involving manipulation of logarithmic and exponential functions, regression and correlation, and integration of simple algebraic functions.
6. Practice basic laboratory techniques, and relate experimental results to theoretical concepts.
7. Work effectively in a group to solve problems, present group-workshopped solutions, and manage the group to complete the task (communicating and coordinating group efforts).
8. Solve problems in a meaningful, systematic, and structured manner.

Final exam (2 hour):50%; in-semester assessment 50%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty six 1-hour lectures (24 face-to-face lectures + 12 hours active learning)
• Twelve 1-hour applieds
• Six 2 hour laboratories
• Six 2-hour workshops

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

Solutions, self-assembled systems, multiphase liquid systems and the properties of solids that yield pharmaceutical solutions are key to the performance and manufacture of pharmaceutical products. This unit aims to build on Physical Chemistry I (BPS1031) to provide students with a firm understanding of the physical chemistry that underpins the properties and dissolution of pharmaceutical solids and additives to form solutions. In particular an understanding of the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical solids (drugs and excipients), their transfer into solution form and properties of those solutions from a pharmaceutical science perspective will set the foundation for students to understand the impact of these properties and concepts in pharmaceutical and other formulated products. The key concepts are related directly to aspects of a suite of representative pharmaceutical products allowing the students to put the concepts into a relevant context. The understanding of these principles will also assist students in their understanding in some areas of chemistry, physiology and biology.

This will involve:

• physical chemistry of solutions
• solids, semisolids and solubility
• interfacially active molecules and their use in formulation
• acid-base functional groups

At the end of this unit students will be expected to:

1. Analyse the physicochemical principles that underpin the important processes of pharmaceutical solids dissolving to form a solution. Describe, predict and calculate dissolution, solubility and distribution;
2. Predict and calculate the influence of functional groups and structure on solution behaviour, including colligative properties and conductivity;
3. Explain and predict the behaviour of surface-active agents at interfaces and in solution, and explain how micelles can improve drug solubilization;
4. Describe the physicochemical principles behind the formulation of liquid products, including one and two phase liquid systems, prepare and evaluate basic liquid formulations for pharmaceutical applications.
5. Describe and analyse the properties of pharmaceutical solids and semisolids, such as crystallinity, melting point, and predict their impact on solubility, stability and bioavailability;
6. Describe rheological concepts and discriminate between different rheological properties for fluids;
7. Define the role and effect of components (excipients) used to produce solution-based pharmaceutical dose forms and evaluate individual excipients, based on their physicochemical properties, in the context of a pharmaceutical product or formulation;
8. Measure fundamental solution properties through laboratory exercises and relate experimental results to theoretical concepts in the unit and from BPS1031.
9. Work effectively in a group to solve problems, present group-workshopped solutions, and manage the group to complete the task (communicating and coordinating group efforts);
10. Solve problems in a meaningful, systematic, and structured manner.

Final exam 50%; in-semester assessment 50%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 3-hour workshops
• Six 3-hour laboratories

Preparation:

• Twelve 1-hour online preparation modules

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

Students will acquire basic skills in applying and interpreting the scientific method of inquiry, and interpreting scientific data. Students will: i) evaluate scientific literature; and, ii) plan, conduct and interpret a simple scientific experiment. A knowledge of hypothesis testing, ethical principles of scientific practice, examples of poor and elite pharmaceutical science, and the skills to perform inferential statistics will be developed.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the principles of scientific inquiry
2. Identify safe and ethical practices in scientific research
3. Develop a conceptual model for scientific inquiry and evaluate two real-world examples using this model
4. Plan and conduct a simple scientific experiment using a learner defined conceptual model of hypothesis testing
5. Identify and employ an appropriate statistical test for the empirically obtained data
6. Re-evaluate a tested hypothesis on the basis of the research findings.

Final exam (2 hour):50%; in-semester assessment 50%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• A minimum of twenty four 1-hour lectures
• A minimum of nine hours of applieds

See also Unit timetable information

This unit is designed to introduce the students to the major fields of the applied sciences in which pharmaceutical scientists specialise. The relationships between the different disciplines and their distinct roles in drug discovery and medicine development will be demonstrated. Participants are introduced to the following areas as they apply to the biology, chemistry, and formulation of medicines and related products:

• drug discovery biology
• medicinal chemistry
• formulation science

Students will also have the opportunity to attend specialised seminars on pharmaceutical science research.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify and explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the signs and symptoms of a given disorder
2. Select a suitable therapeutic target for the treatment of a specified disorder
3. Design a research plan of experiments to test whether a drug target is suitable
4. Identify the key functional groups of current drug molecules and analyse their interactions with biological targets
5. Apply the principles of structure-based drug design in drug discovery to design novel drug molecules
6. Calculate and evaluate physicochemical characteristics of current and novel drug molecules to ascertain their drug-likeness
7. Apply the processes of lead optimization to improve the drug-likeness of designed drug molecules
8. Compare and contrast properties and characteristics of selected essential pharmaceutical forms and rationally choose a pharmaceutical form to create a medicine
9. Effectively present key project outcomes to a peer audience in an original format using media technology
10. Use reflective techniques to identify personal strengths and weaknesses in key skills and develop a personalised learning plan (PLP) addressing skill development

Active learning project presentation: 75% (25% per field covered) ; written press release one page report: 10%, personalised learning plan 10%, online and in-class quizzes 5%

Contact hours:

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Twelve 2-hour workshops
• Six 1-hour skills workshops
• Six 1-hour coaching meetings

Preparation:

• Twelve 1-hour online preparation modules

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmsci

This unit lays a foundation of knowledge about how biomolecules such as proteins, nucleotides and lipids are involved in relaying extracellular signals to the inside of the cell. An understanding of how biomolecules respond to ligands (endogenous and exogenous) to activate specific cellular responses and how these responses are linked to physiological functions, human health and drug action. The gastrointestinal system will be used as an exemplar system to investigate receptor families, signal transduction and the consequences of different types of signalling pathways within the cell.

Students will continue to build on the link between a strong foundational knowledge of the physiological basis of disease (pathophysiology), and the causal connections between cell biochemistry, body function at the tissue, organ and system level and human health; how aberrant signalling may be modified through identification of appropriate protein, lipid or DNA targets (drug discovery: target identification and validation).

Students will practice fundamental laboratory techniques and experimental approaches to solving biological, biochemical and physiological research questions, and how to record, interpret and communicate the outcomes of such investigations to a variety of audiences.

Topics to be covered include:

• protein synthesis, modification, trafficking and expression in the cell (and regulatory mechanisms);
• proteins as receptors, and receptor families, including: ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors;
• signal transduction mechanisms;
• DNA as a target;

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain how the structure of biomolecules influences their physiological function;
2. Explain how the interaction of a ligand or binding molecule and a receptor biomolecule effect cellular responses;
3. Compare different receptor families with regards to endogenous and exogenous ligand characteristics, and how the signal is transduced into a response via different signalling pathways;
4. Predict the effect of signalling pathway disruptions on physiological functions and human health;
5. Suggest a rational drug therapy strategy to target a disease state with known pathophysiological causes;
6. Design and safely and effectively perform an hypothesis-driven experimental approach to investigate cellular signalling processes using common biochemical and physiological techniques;
7. Record, analyse and critically interpret experimental data and report it in written and visual formats.

End-of-semester examination (50 %) and in-semester assessment (50 %)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Thirty-six hours of laboratory classes and workshops

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

Pharmacology II will introduce students to advanced concepts related to drug action, including descriptions of antagonist activity, partial and inverse agonists, allosteric modulators and biased ligands. This unit also extends beyond drug-receptor interactions to show how signal transduction processes regulate cellular activities. The gastrointestinal system will be used as an exemplar to demonstrate how the normal physiological function of an organ system can be used to define mechanisms of disease and allow for the identification of suitable drug targets.

Students will practice laboratory techniques and experimental approaches to solving pharmacological research questions. They will also record, interpret and communicate the outcomes of such investigations to a variety of audiences.

Topics to be covered include:

• Characteristics of drug interaction with receptors (agonist and antagonist quantitation);
• Properties of G-protein coupled receptors and interactions with signal transduction systems;
• Ion channels, transporters and intracellular calcium signalling.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe how pharmacologically active chemicals might affect living systems through interactions with receptors;
2. Speculate upon the nature of drug action at receptors and likely intracellular signalling mechanisms;
3. Explain how receptor-mediated changes in intracellular calcium might regulate specific bodily functions;
4. Use our understanding of drug action at a cellular level to predict drug effects upon human health;
5. Record, analyse and critically interpret experimental data and report it in written and visual formats.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Thirty-six hours of laboratory classes and workshops

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

The ability to make or modify small molecules and to confirm their identity is fundamental to the drug discovery and development process. Synthetic Chemistry I: Structure and Reactivity introduces students to the theoretical principles and practical tools of chemical synthesis, including key analytical techniques (such as NMR and mass spectroscopy) used to structurally elucidate organic compounds. The unit takes a functional group approach to examine the structure of organic molecules and their potential to interact and react with other molecules, an approach that is highly relevant not only to synthetic applications, but also more generally to drug design, drug-target interactions and drug formulation.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Analyse the chemical structure of pharmaceutical compounds in regard to their properties (steric, electronic, acid-base) and their reactivity using a functional group approach.
2. Formulate basic reaction mechanisms using the arrow-pushing formalism.
3. Apply kinetic and thermodynamic principles to rationalise basic reaction pathways.
4. Safely and competently perform a basic chemical synthesis, including product purification and collection of analytical data to characterise the product.
5. Describe the physical basis of selected spectroscopic techniques (primarily mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance) and explain their role in the identification of drug molecules.
6. Systematically analyse, report and interpret spectroscopic data to characterise small molecule synthesis products.
7. Clearly and accurately discuss and evaluate experimental data in a written laboratory report format.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 2-hour applieds
• Six 4-hour laboratories

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

This unit will educate students on different approaches in drug discovery and design: how bioactive molecules are identified and how these can be further modified structurally to improve their performance as safe and effective therapeutics: Sources of bioactive molecules: natural products, compound libraries (screening sets), endogenous ligands, computer aided drug-design; Hit-to-lead and lead-to-drug optimisation: modifying molecular structure for optimal performance (safety and efficacy).

After completing this unit, students will be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of different processes by which bioactive molecules can be identified, such as the screening of compound libraries, natural products and modifications of endogenous biomolecules, amongst others.
2. Utilise different computational techniques to aid the design of small molecules with good affinity for biomolecular targets.
3. Propose modifications to hit molecules necessary to map their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Utilise SAR maps in hit-to-lead and lead-to-drug optimisation.
4. Design a series of assays (assay cascade) necessary for the optimisation of hit molecules into safe, efficacious drug molecules.
5. Critically evaluate different drug discovery approaches and identify the most suitable approach for a particular situation.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twenty-four 1 hour lectures
• Six 4-hour laboratories
• Six 2-hour workshops

See also Unit timetable information

After completing this unit, students will be able to: (1) Demonstrate an understanding of different processes by which bioactive molecules can be identified, such as the screening of compound libraries, natural products and modifcations of endogenous biomolecules, amongst others. (2) Utilise different computational techniques to aid the design of small molecules with good affinity for biomolecular targets. (3) Propose modifications to hit molecules necessary to map their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Utilise SAR maps in hit-to-lead and lead-to-drug optimisation. (4) Design a series of assays (assay cascade) necessary for the optimisation of hit molecules into safe, efficacious drug molecules. (5) Critically evaluate different drug discovery approaches and identify the most suitable approach for a particular situation.

Analytical Methods lays a foundation of knowledge for the analytical identification and quantitation of chemical entities used in the pharmaceutical and manufacturing industries. The unit provides the participant with basic principles and concepts of chemical equilibria, classical (titrimetric) methods of analysis, atomic and molecular spectroscopy (spectrochemical methods of analysis) and analytical separation (chromatographic) methodologies.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the analytical process and fundamental analytical concepts (e.g., selectivity, experimental error) and apply them to practical analytical measurements.
2. Quantitatively determine the chemical composition of aqueous electrolyte solutions using titrimetry and interpret the results in terms of theoretical models of chemical solution equilibria.
3. Explain the physical principles and instrumental characteristics of selected spectroscopic analytical techniques.
4. Apply theoretical principles of separation processes and chromatography to predict and rationalise the outcome of practical analytical separations;
5. Safely and competently conduct analytical measurements in the laboratory.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 2-hour workshops
• Six 4-hour laboratory classes

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

This unit will take students through the process of systematic analytical method development. Using techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), students will work in teams to solve authentic, complex analytical problems. Each team will design an experimental strategy and, in a series of laboratories and workshops, test the relationships between operator-controlled parameters and system responses.

On successful completion of this unit, students will have developed a systematic and critical approach to analytical method development that will be demonstrated by the creation of relevant and accurate resources usable in future jobs or studies.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain in detail the function and operation of an analytical instrument at the level of its individual components and the integrated analytical system.
2. Safely operate an analytical instrument to produce accurate and reproducible data.
3. Raise hypotheses on the impact of controllable variables on analytical responses and design experiments to test these hypotheses.
4. Critically evaluate, analyse and interpret the collected results to generalise the rules that govern the analytical technique.
5. Explain and apply the principles of analytical method validation.
6. Create accurate visual representations illustrating the decision process and other aspects of analytical method development.

End-of-semester examination (30 %) and in-semester assessment (70 %)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four hours of laboratory classes
• Thirty-six hours of workshops and directed study

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

Choosing a suitable route of administration and dosage form for an active pharmaceutical ingredient is a critical step in drug development. It requires consideration of the physiological and physicochemical processes that govern the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug, but other factors, such as patient compliance, also need to be taken into account.

This unit will equip students with the fundamental knowledge and tools to evaluate different routes of drug administration on the basis of the underlying physiological and physicochemical principles. In particular, this will entail:

• An introduction to the processes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion following oral, parenteral and other routes of administration.
• Mathematical approaches to describe and evaluate drug concentration time profiles and bioavailability (pharmacokinetics).
• Case studies in assessing the suitability of different drug formulation options.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Discuss the physiological and physicochemical factors affecting drug absorption across the small intestine, via selected alternative pathways and via parenteral drug delivery;
2. Define and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, predict drug concentrations in plasma and estimate bioavailability.
3. Discuss the factors affecting drug metabolism and excretion and their impact on drug concentration time profiles.
4. Suggest and evaluate formulation approaches for drugs based on their physicochemical properties, physiological factors and medical considerations.
5. Analyse and interpret quantitative data using scientific software packages.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twelve 1-hour online modules (discovery)
• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Twelve 1-hour applied classes
• Twelve 2-hour workshops

See also Unit timetable information

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

This unit will take students through the process of developing a drug candidate into a registered pharmaceutical product. This encompasses: pre-clinical development, including drug formulation based on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological profile of a drug candidate; clinical trial regulation and design; intellectual property and marketing considerations. Students will be introduced to the regulatory and commercial requirements as well as the scientific concepts underpinning the drug development processes.

After completing this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the scientific and regulatory stages involved in taking a drug candidate to a registered pharmaceutical product.
2. Design and conduct pre-formulation tests to inform formulation decisions.
3. Evaluate formulation options for a drug candidate with regard to medical, technical and commercialisation considerations.
4. Propose pre-clinical tests for a drug candidate to provide evidence for its safety.
5. Differentiate between the phases of a clinical trial.
6. Discuss the commercial lifecycle of a pharmaceutical product, the importance of intellectual property and marketing considerations.

End-of-semester examination (50%) and in-semester assessment (50%)

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 4-hour laboratories
• Six 2-hour workshops

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharmsci

The unit provides students with an experience in current aspects of research within the faculty and will provide students with an appreciation of the fundamentals of research philosophy and methodology.

Students will undertake a literature research project addressing an issue/problem in the pharmaceutical sciences area. (Please note: There is no guarantee that students will be placed in their preferred research area as places are limited.)

This unit will expand the student's knowledge of research and enhance skills in information literacy, scientific writing and research. The unit is compatible with Monash University's goals for research lead teaching.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain further skills in research and problem solving, and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who wishes to enhance these skills for a career in pharmacy or who might wish to pursue further study in research orientated postgraduate programs.

Specific learning outcomes are to

1. Critically engage with pharmaceutical research and practice literature, to identify appropriate processes and products for evaluating research results.
2. Critically define the approach to investigating and evaluating the research literature relating to the identified problem, and their contribution towards completing the group compiled research report.
3. Conduct detailed examination of comprehensive quantitative and qualitative research studies, evaluating the impact of these studies towards the solution of issues and challenges identified in pharmaceutical sciences and practice.

   Students will develop these skills by

4. Participating in mentored group meetings and online discussions to analyse research questions and prepare a plan for investigating literature relevant to the question,
5. Ongoing reflective questioning of process and product within a group-facilitated working environment, including progressive self-evaluation of contribution to the process and product of group work.
6. Examination of research literature to determine breadth and depth of research literature examined, bias of interpretation, status of research conducted, identification of weaknesses and strengths of research studies and significance of data and conclusions.

• Group meeting reports from weeks 2, 4 and 10: 15% (3 x 5%)
• Research plan due week 4: 10%
• Report draft due week 6: 10%
• Final report due week 12: 45%
• Reflection due week 12: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Six 1-hour lectures
• Six 1-hour workshops

Additional requirements:

• Sixty hours of directed project work

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide students with a preliminary training in research in pharmaceutical science or pharmacy practice within the faculty as well as provide the knowledge of research philosophy and approaches.

Students will participate in a hands-on research project within the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) or the Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS) under the supervision of an academic staff member. The project will enhance students' skills in all aspects of research.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain skills in research and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who may wish to pursue further study in research-orientated postgraduate programs.

The elective aims to:

• provide students with experience in an area of research
• provide students with an insight into future opportunities in the area of research
• encourage and attract high quality students interested in pursuing a career in research, the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry or academia.

At the end of this elective, students will be expected to have developed:

1. An understanding of some recent advances in research in pharmaceutical science or pharmacy practice and the literature within their area of research;
2. An appreciation of the need to define a hypothesis, design an approach to test the hypothesis, plan the experiments, undertake the experiments, analyse and interpret the data and write a research report;
3. An appreciation of basic research philosophies and approaches.

Written report: 50%; Supervisor mark: 50%, comprising 10% for each of: initiative; technical capability; attention to detail; teamwork; project understanding.

Students will participate in a small number of lectures and undertake a research project equivalent to 72 hours of learning. The research project will be 4 weeks in duration and will take place in either November/December or January/February prior to fourth year.

Workload requirements:

• Six hours of lectures
• One hundred and thirty eight hours of research project (approx. 4 weeks)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.pharm.monash.edu.au/students/undergrad/pac3522research-project.html

This unit will provide students with a detailed understanding of the specific biopharmaceutical and formulation considerations for non-oral drug delivery routes, including transdermal, pulmonary, nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, intramuscular and subcutaneous. The unit will also address advanced oral drug delivery technologies and targeted drug delivery systems.

The unit will provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge of pharmaceutics and further develop skills in evaluating scientific literature and preparing professional written reports.

The unit will explain the drug development process for novel therapeutic agents and generic drugs. These processes will be illustrated through the presentation of several case studies. Case studies will also be presented to highlight the importance of good manufacturing practices and quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry.

This aim of this unit is to expand the student's knowledge of biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and formulation considerations for a range of non-oral drug delivery routes, advanced oral drug delivery technologies and targeted drug delivery systems.

The unit will also provide students with an overview of the drug development process from pre-clinical stages through to product registration. Additionally, this unit aims to develop students' generic skills in evaluation of scientific literature, critical thinking, problem-solving, report writing, leadership and working in teams.

In this unit students will develop an appreciation of:

1. The role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration and its responsibilities in ensuring the safe, efficacy, and quality of medicines available in Australia;
2. The process of clinical drug development ;
3. The importance of Good Manufacturing Practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

   In this unit, students will develop an understanding of:

4. The biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery various routes of drug delivery;
5. The formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery via various routes of drug delivery;
6. The advantages and disadvantages of various routes of delivery;
7. Situations when one route of delivery is preferred over another route of drug delivery;
8. The need for a quality system in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals;
9. The process for drug registration for a generic formulation compared to a novel therapeutic drug;
10. Phase I, II and III clinical trials.

    In this unit students will develop skills in:

11. Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and identification of key excipients;
12. Locating and evaluating scientific literature on pharmaceutical drug formulations;
13. Working effectively in teams;
14. Time management and meeting deadlines;
15. Writing scientific reports that reflect an understanding of the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical rationale behind a specific pharmaceutical formulation;
16. Preparing high quality, well formatted and presented written documents.

    Upon completion of this unit students will be able to:

    • Describe the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery various routes of drug delivery
    • Discuss the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome the biopharmaceutical barriers to effective drug delivery via various routes of drug delivery
    • Analyse pharmaceutical formulations and identify key excipients and describe the potential functions of the excipients in the formulation
    • Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of delivery
    • Identify situations when one route of delivery is preferential to another route of delivery for a drug
    • Discuss the need for a quality system in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and the role of Good Manufacturing Practices
    • Explain why the process for drug registration for a generic formulation can be different to a novel therapeutic drug
    • Summarise the purpose of Phase I, II and III clinical trials
    • Describe the role of the TGA and its responsibilities in ensuring the safe, efficacy, and quality of medicines available in Australia
    • Explain the process of clinical drug development
    • Propose a rationale behind a specific pharmaceutical formulation
    • Prepare a high quality, well formatted and presented written document.

Final exam (2 hour):60%; within semester assessment 30%, which consists of individual and group assignment work, online quizzes 10%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty 1-hour lectures
• Two 3-hour workshops
• Twenty hours of individual and group project
• Twenty four hours of self-study topics

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

To enhance students' knowledge and understanding of a range of topics relevant to the practice of pharmacy; to further develop skills in communication and problem solving; and to provide the opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and skills under supervision in various practice settings through the Professional Experience Placement (PEP) Program.

Students will develop practice skills in a range of settings by applying the knowledge and understanding they have gleaned from other units within the course.

Specific learning outcomes for each PEP type are listed in the relevant student PEP manual.

This unit will be assessed as satisfying faculty requirements (SFR), which comprises for each of four PEPs:

• Satisfactory completion of the PEP, including attendance at the briefing, full attendance at the placement site and attendance at the debrief;
• Assessment by preceptors, in discussion with the student, using purpose-designed standard feedback forms;
• A student evaluation of each PEP; and
• A reflective report on a specified topic for reach PEP.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Four 1-hour briefings prior to placement (4/5 of class, for each placement, in lecture theatre)
• Four 1-hour small group debriefing sessions following placement

Additional requirements:

• 420 hours of placements (4 x 3 weeks x 5 days x 8 hours)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The aim of this unit is to further prepare students for practice as pharmacists.

This unit builds particularly on the third year units of the Pharmacy Practice stream (PAC3351, PAC3362) and the Professional Experience Placement program (PAC4371).

At the completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Describe various extended roles of pharmacists and appreciate the leadership role of the pharmacist
2. Dispense legally and accurately, including being proficient in extemporaneous compounding and pharmaceutical calculations;
3. Develop an appropriate medication management strategy for a range of individual patients with multiple medications
4. Describe fundamental marketing principles applicable to a pharmacy operation and apply basic inventory management tools and analyse financial statements
5. Discuss wound management as a part of pharmacy practice
6. Recognise key requirements for implementation of health promotion strategies and integrate health promotion into patient counselling
7. Discuss uses and untoward effects of vitamins and complementary medicines
8. Describe the role of pharmacist in provision of primary health care for companion and farm animals in selected diseases

Final Written Examination 45%; In-semester assessments 55% (including Pharmaceutical calculations exam (Hurdle - minimum 80% requirement); Extemporaneous dispensing practical exam; Medication management review exam and Pharmacy management assignment)

48 contact hours and 24 hours of self-directed learning

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide an understanding of the pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy and management of various endocrine conditions and renal disease. Specifically, the unit will cover the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenocortical dysfunction, diabetes, men's and women's health and acute, chronic and drug-induced renal disease. Students will perform a number of tasks which will foster the development of critical thinking and oral and written communication skills.

Drug therapy principles for the aforementioned conditions and patient groups will be emphasised enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to provide clinical pharmacy services within these areas.

This unit aims to provide the foundations for understanding the main endocrine (hormone) systems in man, diseases of the endocrine system and pharmacotherapies that act through these systems. It will

also provide the basic knowledge required for the diagnosis and management of patients with renal disease.

• The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications associated with each area will be presented in detail in an integrated fashion
• The signs and symptoms associated with these conditions
• The chemistry of the different classes of drugs used in the management of these disorders
• The concepts of structure-activity relationships for the drugs used in the management of these disorders
• The pharmacology of the drugs used in the management of these disorders.
• The signs and symptoms, emphasising cardinal symptoms, of many conditions associated with these areas
• The management of thyroid disease, diabetes and men's and women's health issues including drug and non-drug therapies
• Management of renal disease including drug and non-drug therapies
• Current best practice for the management of these conditions with emphasis on the role of the pharmacist
• Individual differences which may occur in these disorders and how they can be managed.

Quizzes (4X5%) 20%; Debates 10%; Applieds (X2)10%; Final exam 60%

72 hours of formal study per semester (36 hours of lectures, 4 hours of applieds, 2 hours of debates, 2 hours of quizzes and 28 hours of self-directed learning).

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit aims to provide the foundations for the:

• Management of dermatological conditions to ensure optimal treatment for patients.
• Management of pain arising from a variety of sources and to ensure optimal treatment for patients
• Management of musculoskeletal disorders - rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis arthritis and gout.

The unit also integrates detailed information concerning chemistry and pharmacology with the clinical aspects of medications associated with dermatology, pain management and various musculoskeletal disorders.

Drug therapy principles for particular conditions and patient groups will be emphasized enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to provide clinical pharmacy services within these areas.

Students will perform a number of tasks that will help foster the development of critical thinking and oral and written communication skills, leadership and teamwork.

At the completion of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the pathophysiology of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
2. Compare the structural features and mechanism of action of the various classes of drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
3. Describe and compare the structure-activity relationships of drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions ;
4. Explain the pharmacology of the drugs used in the management of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions;
5. Debate the clinical utility and deficits of a therapeutic substance used for the control of pain
6. Describe how pain is detected and explain the pathways that transmit pain signals to the brain and their modulation by therapeutic substances;
7. Explain what is current best practice for the management of dermatological disorders, as well as pain and musculoskeletal conditions (including drug and non-drug therapies), with an emphasis on the role of the pharmacist.
8. Identify and categorise the usual symptoms of pain and a range of musculoskeletal and dermatological conditions encountered in the pharmacy and be able to determine when the patient requires referral to a medical practitioner.
9. Evaluate and critically analyse simulated patient information together with any associated treatment regimes, to develop appropriate recommendations for therapy to optimise health outcomes.

Final exam: 60%; workshops and quizzes: 10%; problem-based exercises: 30%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty 1-hour lectures
• Two 2-hour workshops

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit aims to lay a foundation of knowledge about diseases and disorders in neurology and oncology and to provide the relationship between pathophysiology and the rational design and use of drugs in the management of conditions of this type.

The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications associated with each area are presented in detail in an integrated fashion.

Drug therapy principles for particular conditions and patient groups will be emphasised enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to provide clinical pharmacy services within these areas.

Specifically the unit will cover epilepsy, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke and a range of common malignancies such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer, skin cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, etc.

It will also deal with principles of palliative care and management of patients at the end of life.

Students will perform a number of tasks which will help with the development of critical thinking skills and oral and/or written communication skills.

1. This unit aims to lay a foundation of knowledge about diseases and disorders in neurology and oncology and to provide the relationship between pathophysiology and the rational design and use of drugs in the management of conditions of this type.
2. The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications associated with each area are presented in detail in an integrated fashion.
3. Drug therapy principles for particular conditions and patient groups will be emphasised enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to provide clinical pharmacy services within these areas.
4. Specifically the unit will cover epilepsy, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke and a range of common malignancies such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer, skin cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, etc. It will also deal with principles of palliative care and management of patients at the end of life.
5. Students will perform a number of tasks which will help with the development of critical thinking skills and oral and written communication skills.

Final exam: 60%; in-semester MCQ or short answer tests: 20%; laboratory assessments (case-based exercises): 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty six 1-hour lectures or equivalent, delivered face to face or online
• Directed tasks in the form of online group exercises (equivalent to two 6-hour exercises)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit covers the principles of the:

• Management of mental health disorders to ensure optimal treatment for patients
• Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of medications used for mental health disorders. These as well as pathophysiology of mental health disorders are presented in an integrated fashion
• Necessary skills required for the provision of pharmacy services in mental health

At the end of this unit, student will be able to:

1. Appreciate how dysfunction of the central nervous system results in mental health disorders.
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a range of common mental health disorders.
3. Understand the chemistry of medications used in the management of mental health disorders.
4. Examine how structure activity relationships for drugs relate to the management of mental health disorders.
5. Examine how the pharmacology of the drugs relates to the management of mental health disorders.
6. Predict how drugs of abuse can affect mental health.
7. Make preliminary diagnoses and differentiation of mental health disorders, and determine when a patient requires referral to a medical practitioner.
8. Recommend how to manage mental health disorders including drug and non-drug therapies.
9. Appreciate what is current best practice for the management of mental health disorders, with an emphasis on the role of the pharmacist.
10. Evaluate and critically analyse simulated patient information, with any associated treatment regimes, to develop appropriate recommendations for therapy to optimise health outcomes.

Final exam: 60%; in-semester assessment: 40%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty three 1-hour lectures
• Two 3-hour workshops
• One 1.5-hour workshop
• Two .75 semester tests

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit builds on the knowledge and skills developed in the BPharm course. This unit is predominantly conducted through group project work to provide the necessary skills for Continued Profession Development, improve oral and written communication and literature search and evaluation skills. It includes an online moderated discussion group to manage complex patient issues and to familiarise students with the teaching and learning approaches utilised in the Monash Intern Training Program. Students will perform a number of tasks which will help with the development and assessment of communication and clinical problem solving skills, critical thinking skills and develop their skills in decision-making and case-presentation.

The unit comprises three activities:

• Activity 1: Literature review assignment. This will include a literature review and presentation of assigned pharmacy research related topics completed in small groups.
• Activity 2: Complex patient care. This will consist of 3 blocks ofone week moderated discussion groups
• Activity 3: Integrated Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Retrieve and evaluate information on a range of pharmacy research related topics and present information in a coherent manner in both written and oral forms;
2. Communicate effectively to peers and work in a team to achieve a common goal;
3. Identify and analyse therapeutic management problems in complex patients with multiple disease states and determine appropriate monitoring regimens and management options that demonstrate the principles of evidence-based practice and quality use of medicines;
4. Formulate an appropriate management plan for a patient based on the use of drug and non-drug therapies;
5. Recognise when referral for medical assessment is required with a particular emphasis on cardinal symptoms;
6. Communicate effectively with patients, carers and health professionals to identify drug therapy or illnesses or disease state management problems and recommend appropriate management options and resolutions of those problems

Activity 1: Literature Review Assignment 20%

Activity 2: Complex patient discussion group 10%

Activity 3: Integrated Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE - Oral examination) 40% (Hurdle - minimum 75% is required to pass this assessment)

Final Written Examination 30%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Four 1-hour workshops
• One 2-hour workshop

Additional requirements:

• Three weeks of moderated online discussion groups (approximately 3-4hours/week)
• Forty hours group project work including a written report and an oral presentation
• Six hours group presentations

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit introduces students to the role of the pharmacist and health care services relating to consumers and their medicines. It introduces important aspects of human behaviour and cultural considerations, with a focus on enhancing professional communication with health care consumers and healthcare professionals. Students will learn the fundamentals of pharmacy pracice. Each student will build a portfolio to instil lifelong learning attributes and develop a personalised learning plan to advance their cognitive and non-cognitive skills.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

1. In the context of a practicing pharmacist:
   1. Describe relevant aspects of the Australian health care system
   2. Define and describe their role in the Australian health care system and in healthcare teams (primary, secondary and tertiary)
   3. Articulate the role of guiding principles (e.g. regulatory frameworks, standards of practice, environmental health and safety, competencies and advanced practice) and standard references in Australian pharmacy practice
   4. Identify and describe unsafe or less than optimal practices in pharmacy, with respect to health outcomes and legal and ethical considerations
   5. Understand key principles to support a constructive team climate, and work in teams to solve problems
   6. Retrieve and interpret basic information about medicines or healthcare issues
   7. Describe relevant aspects of behavioural psychology
2. In the context of a health care consumer and the wider community:
   1. Outline and demonstrate the key principles of good communication, and recognises the importance of this in pharmacy practice
   2. Communicate basic information about medicines or healthcare issues
   3. Effectively communicate a health care issue and some basic medicines information to a peer
   4. Evaluate peers on their communication skills and give feedback
   5. Comprehend basic ethical principles related to pharmacy
   6. Describe concepts of cultural competence and their importance for health service providers
   7. Identify and articulate your cultural values in the context of health and illness behaviours
   8. Describe elements of behavioural psychology that impact effective communication
   9. Observe, evaluate and reflect on a pharmacist delivering patient-centered care
3. Reflect on your identified strengths and weaknesses in communication and other non-cognitive skills
   1. Describe and demonstrate the process of reflection
   2. Develop, with assistance, a Personalised Learning Plan to enhance your professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist

Final Exam (2 hour): 40%; In-semester assessments: 60%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 2 hours per week)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours a week)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• Six 1-hour Personalised Learning Plan sessions
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit builds on students' understanding of the role of the pharmacist in providing healthcare services to different patient groups. Students will learn the fundamentals of dispensing prescriptions and medication counselling and further develop essential skills for pharmacy practice including communication skills. Students will also learn about and develop skills in professionalism, mindfulness and cultural sensitivity to support best pharmacy practice. Each student will build on their portfolio to further instil lifelong learning attributes and continue to develop their personalised learning plan to advance cognitive and non-cognitive skills. This unit will include a hospital visit.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

In the context of a pharmacist and healthcare consumer:

1. Describe and apply guiding principles of pharmacy practice
2. Describe and apply a standardised patient-centred approach
3. Identify and describe common healthcare issues in primary care
4. Diagnose, manage and communicate about a simple healthcare issue
5. Provide counselling on any of the first year Pharmulary drugs
6. Identify and describe different illness behaviours including those impacting on medicine use
7. Demonstrate an understanding of how mindfulness supports professional practice.
8. Reflect on identified strengths and weaknesses in communication and other non-cognitive skills via a Personalised Learning Plan to enhance professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist
9. Demonstrate cultural sensitivity and professionalism in consumer care
10. Demonstrate safe and systematic procedures for the supply of medicines and the provision of professional advice
11. Observe the operations of a hospital pharmacy department and the role of the hospital pharmacist

Final Exam: 40%; and In-semester assessments 60%;

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 2 hours per week)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours a week)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• Five 1-hour Personalised Learning Plan sessions
• One 2-hour written examination
• One 1-day hospital placement

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides an introduction to how drugs become medicines and explores factors that influence the absorption of drugs following oral administration. Students will study the physicochemical properties of molecules that determine dissolution, solubility, stability and permeability in order to explain how these factors affect oral drug absorption. In addition, the barrier properties of the small intestine, and how they contribute to, or limit, the oral absorption of drugs will be discussed as well as the formulation properties of commonly-administered oral formulations (tablets and capsules).

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

In the context of drugs and medicines:

1. Describe the impact that pKa and pH have on the ionisation state of a compound, and on its solubility, permeability and stability
2. Explain how chemical and thermodynamic processes influence solubility and dissolution
3. Discuss the key physicochemical properties of molecules and physiological factors that affect oral absorption
4. Predict the oral absorption characteristics of a molecule based on its key physicochemical properties
5. Describe and apply the general principles concerning the formulation of tablets and capsules
6. Explain why medicines are administered by different routes based on clinical need and molecular properties
7. Effectively communicate (orally and written) aspects of how medicines work
8. Demonstrate proficiency in fundamental pharmaceutical calculations

Final Exam (2 hour): 40%; In-semester assessment: 60%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 2 hours per week)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours a week)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit builds upon PHR1021 to provide an overview of how drugs interact with their target once they have been absorbed into the bloodstream and the processes that occur in the body to remove the drug. To address these key areas, students will study the fundamentals of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships, drug-target interactions and the mechanism of action of medicines. Students will explore the concepts of drug clearance and volume of distribution, and how these impact on the secondary pharmacokinetic parameters which ultimately lead to the design of safe and effective therapeutic dosage regimens.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

In the context of a medicine/drug and/or patient:

1. Explain and predict properties of drugs based on structural shape, ionisation states, functional group behaviour and physicochemical characteristics
2. Outline medicinal chemistry approaches that are used to improve drug disposition and action
3. Describe the chemistry of drug-receptor interactions including structure-activity relationships
4. Explain the methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs and biomarkers
5. List and describe different drug targets and predict the downstream effects of drug-target interactions in physiological and pathophysiological settings, with respect to a/an:
   1. Antagonist
   2. Agonist
   3. Enzyme inhibitor
   4. Uptake inhibitor
   5. Ion channel modulator
   6. Biological therapy
6. Describe the mechanism(s) of action of the first year Pharmulary drugs
7. Predict the distribution and clearance of drugs from an analysis of their chemical structure
8. Calculate and describe how drug clearance and volume of distribution determine the plasma concentration profile of a drug
9. Calculate and apply a range of secondary pharmacokinetic parameters that determine dosage regimens
10. Describe, define and calculate drug bioavailability
11. Describe and evaluate how the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics determines the time-course of drug response
12. Calculate cumulative drug response given the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug
13. Describe different types of drug-drug interactions and predict their impact on plasma drug concentration vs time profiles and therapeutic response
14. Use a structured approach for problem solving
15. Effectively communicate (orally and written) aspects of how medicines work to peers, lay people and other healthcare professionals

Final exam (two) 30%; and In semester assessment 70%

• Two-hundred and sixteen hours of independent study
• Seventy-two hours of pre-learning activities (up to 6 hours per week)
• Seventy-two hours of active learning lectures (6 hours a week)
• Seventy-two hours of small group classes including assessment (6 hours per week)
• One 2-hours written examination
• One 1.5 hours written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit will provide students with the foundational understanding and knowledge of the human body, including how cells, molecules and organs ensure proper functioning of the body. This will include studies of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry relevant to pharmacists. Students will be able to predict the outcome of cell and organ dysfunction, as well as effectively communicate aspects of how the body works.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

In the context of a person:

1. Explain how molecules, cells and organs ensure homeostasis and functioning of the body
2. Compare and contrast how macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, DNA) contribute to cell structure and function
3. Relate the structure and the function between and within organs and organ systems
4. Predict the physiological and clinical consequences of molecular, cellular and organ dysfunction
5. Analyse a clinical situation and logically articulate the underlying pathophysiology
6. Effectively communicate (verbal and written) aspects of how the body works to peers
7. Demonstrate skills to ensure effective teamwork

Final Exam (two 2 hour exams): 30%; In-semester assessment 70%

• One hundred and forty-four hours of independent study
• Forty-eight hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week)
• Forty-eight hours of active learning lectures (4 hours a week)
• Forty-eight hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week)
• One 3-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit builds on students' understanding of the role of the pharmacist and the expectations and structure of the Australian health care system. It introduces key components of a standardised approach to patient-centred care, including problem-solving in clinically-oriented situations. Students will further develop skills in effective communication with patients and prescribers. Students will demonstrate safe and systematic procedures for the supply of medicines and the provision of professional advice. In addition, students will continue to develop a personalised learning plan to enhance professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

1. In the context of the Australian healthcare system:
   1. Describe relevant aspects as they apply to individual patients (including MBS, PBS, and electronic health records)
   2. Describe issues relevant to rural and remote healthcare settings including those specific to Indigenous health
   3. Describe the duty of care of healthcare professionals including ethics, privacy, and informed consent
   4. Describe practitioner development pathways for registered healthcare professionals (2)Explain and demonstrate the key components of a standardised approach to patient-centred care
2. In the context of a pharmacist and a standardised approach to patient-centred care:
   1. Define commonly used medical terminology
   2. Correctly interpret the contents of a health record
   3. Collect and interpret information relating to signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and tests, as well as other patient and clinical information
   4. Describe the importance of clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making
   5. Apply clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making to document and communicate a disease management care plan
   6. Define appropriate timelines for patient review and follow up
   7. Incorporate relevant clinical, practice, and prescribing guidelines
   8. Incorporate an individualised approach based on healthcare access and beliefs
3. Reflect on identified strengths and weaknesses in communication and other non-cognitive skills via a Personalised Learning Plan to enhance professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist
4. Demonstrate safe and systematic procedures for the supply of medicines and the provision of professional advice
5. Provide counseling on any of the second year Pharmulary drugs

Final examination 40%; in-semester assessment 60%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 2 hours per week)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours a week)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• Three 1 hour Personalised Learning Plan sessions
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

At the end of this unit, students are expected to be able to describe new and extended roles for pharmacists across a range of care settings. The unit introduces the key concepts of evidence-based practice, including those related to retrieving, appraising and applying research evidence as the basis for clinical decision making. The unit covers both a systems-based and patient-centred approaches to the development and delivery of clinical services. The unit builds on content taught in Professional Practice I, II and III so that students are able to formulate and communicate a disease management care plan. The Unit will cover safe and systematic procedures for the supply of medicines and provisional advice, including communication and other non-cognitive skills. The unit will include two 1-week placements.

At the end of this unit, students can be expected to:

1. Describe clinical services provided by pharmacists in a range of care settings, including those outside of hospital and community pharmacies
2. With respect to evidence-based practice:
   1. Retrieve, appraise and apply research evidence as the basis for clinical decision making
   2. Describe common study designs in medicine research
   3. Calculate common measures of association in medicine research
   4. Describe research evidence generated during clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance
   5. Explain the development and application of pharmaceutical reference books, clinical practice guidelines, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses as sources of evidence about the benefits and risk of medicine treatment
   6. Be able to communicate research evidence in oral and written language appropriate for different clinical contexts
3. In the context of a pharmacist and a systems-based approach to healthcare;
   1. Explain medication safety from an organisation perspective
   2. Explain the key components of medication safety and policy documents
4. In the context of a pharmacist and a standardised approach to patient centred care (e.g. Monash Model of CARE;
   1. Describe and apply the process of medication regimen simplification, deprescribing, and assessing capacity to self-manage medication regimens to individual patient care
   2. Create a medication management plan which incorporates established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of their medicine related problems
   3. Identify, differentiate and resolve actual and potential medicine-related problems including adverse drug events, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, overdose, sub-therapeutic dose, therapeutic duplication and contraindications
   4. Describe and apply the process of Home Medicines Review and Residential Medication Management Review, including being able to recognise the clinical significance of different medicine-related problems and incorporate this understanding into medication management plans
   5. Demonstrate cultural sensitivity and professionalism
   6. Applying clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making to document and communicate a medication management plan
   7. Integrate consideration of therapeutic goals, evidence of benefits and risks, and medical ethics into a medication management plan
5. Reflect on identified strengths and weaknesses in communication and other non-cognitive skills via a Personalised Learning Plan to enhance professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist
6. Develop and practice skills in a range of pharmacy settings by applying the knowledge and understanding learned from other units within the course
7. Demonstrate safe and systematic procedures for the supply of medicines and professional advice
8. Provide counselling on any of the first and second year Pharmulary medicines

Final examination 40%; in-semester assessment 60%

• One hundred and forty-four hours of independent study
• Forty-eight hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week)
• Forty-eight hours of active learning lectures (4 hours a week)
• Forty-eight hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week)
• Three 1 hour Personalised Learning Plan sessions
• Two 1-week placements
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit will provide students with a detailed understanding of the specific biopharmaceutical and formulation considerations for various drug delivery routes, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, transdermal, pulmonary, nasal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and ocular routes and for targeted and modified drug delivery. This unit will also address specific issues to be considered when formulating and dispensing medicines and the differences in quality, activity and toxicity that may arise from variability in manufacturing and formulation processes, with a focus on Good Manufacturing Practice. This unit will also highlight the innovative formulation approaches that are currently under investigation for the targeted delivery of therapeutics.

In the context of a medicine/drug and/or patient:

1. Explain the importance of drug properties, clinical need and desired therapeutic outcome on the choice of dosage form and route of administration for a particular medicine
2. Describe the biopharmaceutical barriers that apply to various routes of administration
3. When changing routes of administration, calculate the correct dose required to obtain the same therapeutic effect
4. Given a formulation, explain the rationale for the dosage form and inclusion of each of the excipients
5. Prepare common formulations encountered in a pharmacy setting
6. Describe the development and formulation principles for a stable therapeutic macromolecule
7. Analyse Quality Assurance and Good Manufacturing Practices and interpret how they apply to compounding
8. Demonstrate proficiency in fundamental pharmaceutical calculations

Final examination 40%; in-semester assessment 60%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 2 hours per week)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours a week)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions. Specifically, the unit will cover respiratory diseases and disorders/conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the common cold, and gastrointestinal diseases and disorders/conditions such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. This unit will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions with the rational design and clinical use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, disposition, and clinical and therapeutic aspects of medicines associated with each condition are presented in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development of pharmacy relevant skills such as critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Drug therapy principles for treating respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions will be emphasised, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimise patient outcomes in different cultural and clinical settings.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe how the structure and function of respiratory and gastrointestinal systems are affected by disease.
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of the management for respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, including primary and secondary prevention strategies.
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions.
4. Explain the chemistry and pharmacological mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, upper respiratory conditions, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome and predict how this leads to the treatment of disease and possible side effects.
5. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions.
6. Evaluate a patient's respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions and create a complete, patient-specific care plan which applies established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of potential drug-related problems.
7. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms is indicative of referral.
8. Apply counselling strategies that provide support and optimise behavioural change for patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions.
9. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and implement appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions.

Final examination 50%; in-semester assessment 50%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week for up to 6 weeks)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with various endocrine and renal conditions. Specifically, the unit will cover endocrine diseases and disorders/conditions such as thyroid disease, diabetes, as well as chronic kidney disease. The management of women's health will also be covered with an emphasis on contraception and pregnancy. This unit will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions with the rational design and clinical use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, disposition, and clinical and therapeutic aspects of medicines associated with each condition are presented in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development of pharmacy relevant skills such as critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Drug therapy principles for treating endocrine and renal conditions will be emphasised, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimise patient outcomes in different cultural and clinical settings.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the normal functions of endocrine systems and the kidney, and how they are affected by disease
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of disease state management for endocrine and renal conditions, including primary and secondary prevention strategies
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to endocrine and renal conditions
4. Explain the chemistry and pharmacological mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of endocrine and renal conditions, and predict how this leads to the treatment of these conditions and possible side effects
5. Evaluate a patient's endocrine and/or renal condition(s) and create an appropriate care plan which applies established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of potential drug-related problems
6. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral
7. Reflect on their communication and counselling skills with respect to the provision of medicines used for endocrine and renal conditions
8. Apply counselling strategies that provide support and optimise behavioural change for patients with endocrine and renal conditions
9. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and articulate appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat endocrine and renal conditions

Final examination 50%; in-semester assessment 50%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with dermatological and pain conditions. Specifically, the unit will cover common dermatological conditions such as eczema, acne and psoriasis, and pain disorders such as neuralgia, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. This unit will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions with the rational design and use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical aspects of medicines associated with each condition are presented in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development and consolidation of pharmacy relevant skills such as critical thinking, problem solving and oral and written communication skills. Drug and non-drug therapy principles for treating dermatological and pain conditions will be emphasized, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimize patient outcomes in different cultural settings.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe how the structure and function of the body systems are affected by acute and chronic pain conditions, dermatological conditions such as acne and dermatitis, minor wounds and burns.
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of the management for acute and chronic pain conditions and dermatological conditions such as acne and dermatitis, minor wounds and burns.
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to acute and chronic pain conditions, acne, dermatitis, minor wounds and burns.
4. Explain the chemistry and pharmacological mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of acute and chronic pain conditions, acne, dermatitis, minor wounds and burns and predict how this leads to the treatment of disease and possible side effects.
5. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of acute and chronic pain conditions, acne, dermatitis, minor wounds and burns.
6. Evaluate a patient's pain or dermatitis condition and create a complete, patient-specific care plan which applies established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of potential drug-related problems.
7. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms is indicative of referral.
8. Apply counselling strategies that provide support and optimise behavioural change for patients with pain and dermatitis conditions.
9. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and implement appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat pain and dermatitis conditions.

Final examination 50%; in-semester assessment 50%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (2 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with cardiovascular conditions. Specifically, the unit will cover cardiovascular diseases and disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis and thromboembolic disorders. This unit will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions with the rational design and clinical use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, disposition, and clinical and therapeutic aspects of medicines associated with each condition are presented in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development of pharmacy relevant skills such as critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Drug therapy principles for treating cardiovascular conditions will be emphasised, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimise patient outcomes in different cultural settings.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe how the structure and function of the cardiovascular system is affected by disease
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of disease state management for cardiovascular conditions, including primary and secondary prevention strategies
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to cardiovascular conditions
4. Explain the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of cardiovascular conditions, and predict how this leads to the treatment of disease and possible side effects
5. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of acute and chronic cardiovascular conditions
6. Evaluate a patient's cardiovascular condition and create a patient specific care plan which applies established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of potential drug-related problems
7. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral
8. Apply counselling strategies that provide support and optimise behavioural change for patients with cardiovascular conditions
9. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and articulate appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat cardiovascular conditions

Final examination 50%; in-semester assessment 50%

• Seventy-two hours of independent study
• Twenty-four hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of active learning lectures (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• Twenty-four hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week for 6 weeks)
• One 2-hour written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the therapeutic management of patients with selected blood and brain conditions as well as cancers. Specifically, the unit will cover conditions involving the brain such as depression and schizophrenia, conditions affecting blood such as anaemias, and cancers such as leukaemia and lung cancer. Students will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions to the rational design and clinical use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, disposition, and clinical and therapeutic aspects of medicines associated with each condition will be presented in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development of pharmacy relevant skills such as critical thinking and oral and written communication skills. Quality use of medicines principles will be emphasised, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimise patient outcomes in different cultural settings.

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Describe the pathophysiology of selected blood and brain conditions, and cancers
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of disease state management for selected blood and brain conditions, and cancers
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to a variety of blood and brain conditions, and cancers
4. Describe the molecular basis of drug action together with some key chemical and biological principles behind the development of medicines used to treat selected blood and brain conditions, and cancers
5. Explain the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of selected blood and brain conditions, and cancers, and predict how this leads to the treatment of disease and possible side effects
6. In the context of a pharmacist and a standardised approach to patient centred care (e.g. Monash Model of CARE) in patients' with a blood or brain condition and/or cancer:
   1. Gather and integrate information concerning the chemistry and pharmacology of medicines, in addition to pharmacokinetic and patient specific factors, to identify potential management options
   2. Create a medication management plan which incorporates established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of their medicine-related problems
   3. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for condition management
   4. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral
   5. Develop, apply and communicate education strategies that provide support and optimise patient-centred relationships and outcomes
7. Reflect on the development and implementation of the Monash Model of CARE plan
8. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and articulate appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat selected blood and brain conditions, and cancers
9. Demonstrate proficiency in simulated clinical settings by applying clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making to communicate a medication management plan that optimises patient health outcomes

Assessment will comprise:

• 50% final exams
• 50% in semester assessments

For the exams and in semester assessments, all learning outcomes will be assessed.

• One hundred and forty-four hours of independent study
• Forty-eight hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week)
• Forty-eight hours of active learning lectures (4 hours a week)
• Forty-eight hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week)
• One 2-hours written examination
• One 1.5 hours written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

Acute care is where a patient receives active treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness, an urgent medical condition, or during recovery from surgery. This unit will provide students with the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients presenting with acute care conditions. The unit will explore conditions affecting a range of patient groups and will include, but is not limited to, acute infectious illnesses, oncological disorders and solid organ transplantation. This unit will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions with the rational design and quality use of medicines. The unit will integrate knowledge of pathophysiology, pharmacology, therapeutics and evidence-based practice to guide therapeutic decision making. This unit will enable students to apply and refine their critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as oral and written communication skills.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of management to acute care illnesses
2. Describe the signs, symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to acute care illnesses
3. Explain mechanisms of action for drugs used in the treatment of a variety of acute care illnesses, and relate this to disease management and possible side effects
4. In the context of familiar or unfamiliar acute care illnesses, evaluate a patient's condition and create a patient centred care plan (Monash Model of CARE plan) which applies established clinical guidelines and evidence-based principles to address medication-related problems
   1. Gather and integrate information concerning the chemistry and pharmacology of medicines, patient specific factors as well as evidence-based literature to identify potential management options to treat acute care illnesses
   2. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for the management of these conditions
   3. Incorporate patient specific factors and evidence-based principles to rationalise and defend recommended management options.
   4. Develop a strategy to evaluate response to recommended patient management plan.
   5. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral when appropriate
   6. Develop, apply and communicate education strategies that provide support and optimise patient-centred relationships and outcomes
5. Reflect on the development and implementation of the Monash Model of CARE plan
6. Using a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and articulate appropriate clinical and communication strategies to:
   1. Manage immediate complications of acute care illnesses
   2. Respond to medication related questions
   3. Ensure continuity of disease management at important transitions of patient care.
7. Demonstrate proficiency in simulated clinical settings by applying clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making to communicate a medication management plan that optimises patient outcomes

Assessment will comprise:

• 50% final exams
• 50% in semester assessments

For the exams and in semester assessments, all learning outcomes will be assessed.

• One hundred and forty-four hours of independent study
• Forty-eight hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week)
• Forty-eight hours of active learning lectures (4 hours a week)
• Forty-eight hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week)
• One 2-hours written examination
• One 1.5 hours written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit will enhance students' knowledge and understanding of a range of topics relevant to the practice of pharmacy; further develop and refine skills in communication, teamwork, integrity, empathy and problem solving; and provide the opportunity for students to implement their knowledge and skills acquired throughout the course in various practice settings through the Student Experiential Placements (StEPs) Program.

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Describe the delivery of pharmacy services, and the role of pharmacists, in a range of practice environments
2. Demonstrate delivery of credentialed activities semi-autonomously, by applying the knowledge and skill gathered from units over the duration of the course
3. Demonstrate delivery of non-credentialed activities under direct supervision, by applying the knowledge and skill gathered from units over the duration of the course
4. Demonstrate proficiency in fundamental pharmaceutical calculations
5. Reflect on identified strengths and weaknesses to develop Personalised Learning Plans to enhance professional skills required to practice as a pharmacist.

Assessment will comprise of 100% in semester assessments. All learning outcomes will be assessed.

• Twelve hours of independent preparation for placements
• Twelve hours of active learning lectures (2 hours per week)
• Twelve hours of small group classes including assessment (2 hours per week)
• 210 hours of professional experiential placements (2 x 3 weeks x 5 days x 7 hours)

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit provides the knowledge and skills required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with selected infectious diseases. The unit will cover bacterial, viral, and fungal infections as well as antimicrobial stewardship. Students will relate the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions to the rational design and clinical use of medicines. The chemistry, pharmacology, disposition, and clinical and therapeutic aspects of medicines associated with each condition will be explored in an integrated fashion. This unit will involve the development of pharmacy relevant skills such as therapeutic reasoning and, oral and written communication skills. Quality use of medicines for treating infectious diseases will be emphasised, enabling students to acquire the skills necessary to optimise patient outcomes in different cultural settings.

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Describe fundamental concepts in microbiology and associated immunology regarding microorganism classification, microbial genetics and immunological processes
2. Describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of infectious disease state management for selected bacterial and viral infections including respiratory, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis, the human immunodeficiency virus and associated opportunistic infections
3. Describe the signs and symptoms, and diagnostic methods relevant to a variety of infectious diseases
4. Describe the molecular basis of drug action together with some key chemical and biological principles behind the development of medicines used to treat infectious diseases
5. Explain the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of infectious diseases, and predict how this leads to the treatment of disease, possible side effects and drug resistance
6. In the context of a pharmacist and a standardised approach to patient centred care (e.g. Monash Model of CARE) in patients' with an infectious disease:
   1. Gather and integrate information concerning the chemistry and pharmacology of medicines, in addition to pharmacokinetic and patient specific factors, to identify potential management options
   2. Create a medication management plan which incorporates established clinical guidelines and a comprehensive clinical review of their medicine-related problems
   3. List and prioritise drug and non-drug therapy options for condition management
   4. Evaluate and justify when referral for medical assessment is required, with a particular emphasis on symptoms indicative of referral
   5. Develop, apply and communicate education strategies that provide support and optimise patient-centred relationships and outcomes
7. Reflect on the development and implementation of the Monash Model of CARE plan
8. Using established antimicrobial stewardship protocols and a multidisciplinary healthcare team approach, develop and articulate appropriate clinical and communication strategies to treat infectious diseases
9. Demonstrate proficiency in simulated clinical settings by applying clinical reasoning and collaborative decision making to communicate a medication management plan that optimises patient health outcomes

Assessment will comprise:

• 50% final exams
• 50% in semester assessments

For the exams and in semester assessments, all learning outcomes will be assessed.

• One hundred and forty-four hours of independent study
• Forty-eight hours of pre-learning activities (up to 4 hours per week)
• Forty-eight hours of active learning lectures (4 hours a week)
• Forty-eight hours of small group classes including assessment (4 hours per week)
• One 2-hours written examination
• One 1.5 hours written examination

See also Unit timetable information

https://www.intranet.monash/pharm/students/undergrad/courses/bpharmhttps://www.monash.edu/pharm/students/undergrad/course-information/bpharm

This unit will take students through the process of systematic analytical method development. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems, students will work in teams to solve authentic, complex analytical problems. Each team will design an experimental strategy and, in a series of laboratories and workshops, test the relationships between operator-controlled parameters and system responses.

On successful completion of this unit, students will have developed a systematic and critical approach to analytical method development that will be demonstrated by the creation of relevant and accurate resources usable in future jobs or studies.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain in detail the function and operation of an analytical instrument at the level of its individual components and the integrated analytical system.
2. Safely operate an analytical instrument to produce accurate and reproducible data.
3. Raise hypotheses on the impact of controllable variables on analytical responses and design experiments to test these hypotheses.
4. Explain in detail the key concepts related to the quality of results from an analytical technique.
5. Critically evaluate, analyse and interpret the collected results to generalise the rules that govern the analytical technique.
6. Explain and apply the principles of analytical method validation.
7. Create accurate visual representations illustrating the decision process and other aspects of analytical method development.

In-semester assessment 70%, final examination 30 %.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• twenty-four hours of laboratories
• thirty-six hours of workshops and self-directed study

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will introduce students to the different mechanisms of action by which drugs exert their biological activity. It will address the interactions between endogenous ligands and drugs with their receptors, enzymes or nucleic acids, and the way that drugs mimic, oppose or modify those interactions. Students will be introduced to the scope of medicinal chemistry techniques used in contemporary drug discovery.

This will involve the study of:

• G-protein coupled receptors
• other receptor types
• ion channels
• nuclear hormone receptors
• drugs interacting with oligonucleotides
• enzymes and enzyme inhibition

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Identify the common classes of receptor and link this to an ability to define receptor agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists and allosteric modulators. In addition students will be able to cite examples of how compounds acting at receptors act as therapeutic agents;
2. Describe various classes of enzymes by the reactions they catalyse and show an understanding of the kinetic properties of enzymes;
3. Describe the utility of substrate analogues, transition state analogues, and irreversibly binding compounds as enzyme inhibitors. This will also be linked to an ability to understand how enzyme inhibitors act as therapeutic agents;
4. Describe the role of metal ions in enzymatic processes;
5. Show how ligands can recognize and modify DNA tertiary structure and link this with an ability to cite examples of how compounds acting at oligonucleotides function as therapeutics;
6. Distinguish ligand-based design, structure-based design and mechanism-based design strategies;
7. Understand the principles governing the generation of small molecule structure activity relationships;
8. Understand approaches to peptidomimetic design;
9. Acquire skills in researching information and to present the findings in a structured, logical and fluent manner;
10. Be proficient in chemical laboratory techniques and communicating the results in written form.

Final exam 50%; poster presentation: 25%; laboratory sessions, reports and other assessments 25%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty two 1-hour lectures
• Four 3-hour laboratories/workshops

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

To explain the processes whereby new drugs are discovered and developed, from initial ideas through to full clinical use in man, and to illustrate the interphase between the biosciences and pharmaceutical business.

This will involve:

• drug lead identification
• target identification and validation
• proteomics, genomics and pharmacogenomics
• drugs to treat infectious diseases and the use of bioisosteres in drug design
• target identification, validation and biological evaluation
• the importance and application of pharmaceutics in drug development
• the clinical trial process
• intellectual property

At the end of this unit students will have an understanding of:

1. The major approaches to drug discovery;
2. The process of identifying a drug target and the steps required to validate that target;
3. Drugs that treat infectious diseases and approaches to developing those drugs;
4. The importance of pharmaceutics in drug development;
5. Pharmacokinetics in drug development;
6. The clinical trial process;
7. Legal documentation of pharmaceutical product invention.

Final exam: 60%; written assignments: 25%; oral presentation: 15%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty six 1-hour workshops
• One 3-hour presentation session

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The principle aim of this subject is to provide students with a detailed knowledge of numerous aspects of synthetic organic chemistry, as it applies to modern medicinal chemistry.

The subject follows from PSC2021 and PSC2122, covering advanced organic synthesis and methodology. Topics include catalysis in synthesis, radical chemistry, organometallic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, reactive intermediates and stereochemistry, as well as retrosynthetic analysis. An understanding of reaction mechanisms will be emphasized throughout. The laboratory component reinforces aspects of the lecture course with laboratory experience.

This will involve:

• catalysis and biocatalysis
• organometallic reactions
• radical reactions
• heterocyclic chemistry
• asymmetric synthesis
• reactive Intermediates

At the end of this unit students will be able to demonstrate:

1. A wider knowledge of synthetic methodology;
2. A knowledge of the use of catalysis in synthetic chemistry;
3. An understanding of radical reactions and their role in synthesis;
4. A broader knowledge of organometallic and heterocyclic chemistry;
5. The ability to undertake a retrosynthetic analysis and to design a synthesis of a target molecule;
6. The ability to read and understand the synthetic organic chemistry literature;
7. The practical ability to perform a routine synthesis in the laboratory and experience of most common operations in a synthetic chemistry laboratory.

Final exam (2 hour): 60%; mid-semester exam: 10%; practical assessments: 20%; practical exam: 10%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty 1-hour lectures
• Nine 4-hour laboratory exercises, including laboratory exam

Additional requirements:

• Twelve hours laboratory report preparation

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

In this unit students will learn how chemical synthesis is applied to drug discovery and Chemical-Biology. Topics will include compound library design and synthesis, mapping of structure-activity relationships, lead optimization, molecular conjugates, asymmetric synthesis and processes chemistry.

These will be taught as four core topic areas: This unit will build upon earlier units in synthetic organic chemistry within BPharmSci, with a special emphasis on the role of chemical synthesis in drug discovery and Chemical-Biology. This will include library design approaches for the discovery of novel bioactives and synthesis strategies in lead optimization. Students will learn about the use of conjugates in directed drug delivery and Chemical-Biology studies. They will also learn about the specific challenges posed by the scale-up and manufacture of drugs including the asymmetric synthesis of chiral drug molecules. In laboratory classes, students will learn new and emerging techniques for use in compound library synthesis and process chemistry. Site visits of relevant commercial operations will also be undertaken.

Students will have learnt:

1. The key parameters used in the design of libraries for use drug-discovery and Chemical-Biology.
2. How to map structure-activity relationships and their role in lead optimization.
3. How to undertake the asymmetric synthesis of drug molecules
4. The key requirements of drug scale-up and manufacture
5. The role of drug conjugates in site-directed drug delivery and Chemical-Biology studies
6. To use emerging technologies in laboratory equipment (flow and microwave reactors)
7. How to separate reaction products using modern chromatographic techniques

Four assessable quizzes during semester (5% each): 20%; End of semester exam: Outcomes 60%; Practical reports / workshop assignments: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty six 1-hour lectures /active learning sessions and workshops
• Four 6-hour laboratory classes
• One-two Site visits (4-8 hours)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The subject expands on the use of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques and their applications in medicinal chemistry. After a review of structural elucidation via analysis of one dimensional NMR spectra, a range of more complex methods will be covered. The use of two dimensional NMR in the identification and characterisation of more complex organic compounds is introduced. Techniques for the assignment of spectra for more complex molecules will be described and the application of NMR spectroscopy to larger biomolecules including peptides will be introduced.

The energetic factors which drive the processes of drug-receptor interaction will be described and energetic factors that drive the processes of drug-receptor interactions will be discussed. The use of electronic spectroscopy, including absorption and fluorescence, for measurement of drug-protein binding will be described. The uses of other biophysical techniques including surface plasmon resonance and calorimetry will also be discussed. The use of NMR spectroscopy to measure the interaction of drugs with biological molecules and the effects of chemical and conformational exchange on the appearance and analysis of NMR spectra will be described.

This will involve:

• thermodynamics
• advanced NMR Spectroscopy
• biophysical techniques for measurement of interactions
• optical Spectroscopy.

After completing this unit students will be expected to be able to:

1. Analyse and interpret two dimensional spectra so as to identify the chemical structures of compounds;
2. Define the term Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) and account for the observation of NOEs in one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra of both small and large molecules;
3. Analyse and interpret NOE data to determine the conformation of small molecules;
4. Analyse and assign two-dimensional NMR spectra of small peptides;
5. Describe quantitatively the relationship between enthalpy, entropy and free energy;
6. Describe quantitatively the relationship between changes in free energy and equilibrium;
7. Apply the concepts of this thermodynamics module to selected examples of biochemical energetics, protein-drug binding and drug-receptor interactions;
8. Describe the principal NMR-based strategies for drug discovery and design;
9. Detail the factors which govern photon-initiated electronic excitation, and describe the processes by which molecules can relax. In particular, to describe the phenomena and applications associated with fluorescence;
10. Apply their knowledge of biophysical techniques including NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and calorimetry to analyse experimental data describing drugs binding to their receptors
11. Measure and record data relevant to the understanding of drug structure and and drug-receptor interactions;
12. Perform numerical calculations based on experimental or theoretical data;
13. Present written or oral results of experimental work.

Final exam (2 hour): 60%; mid-semester exam: 20%; laboratory assessments: 20%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty four 1-hour lectures
• Twelve 1-hour applieds
• Nine 4-hour laboratories

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide students with a four-week experience working in a research or industry setting relevant to medicinal chemistry. Students will participate in a hands-on project at the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) or at an industry site under the supervision of an academic staff member or industry mentor.

The research/industry project will give students the opportunity to expand their scientific understanding and laboratory skills and to practice their ability to work in a professional environment.

In addition students will participate in activities to develop their job seeking and career planning skills, for example, writing resumes, job applications and cover letters, and interview techniques.

After successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify areas of interest for their future career;
2. Participate effectively in interviews and write a professional resume;
3. Work safely and effectively in a professional environment;
4. Design an evidence-based experimental approach to solving a problem or research question;
5. Conduct an experimental investigation including data documentation, analysis and interpretation;
6. Communicate the project outcomes in written and oral form;
7. Reflect on their professional experience.

Written report: 60%; laboratory work: 20%; Oral presentation; 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 20 x 7 hours of laboratory work

Additional requirements:

• Students will participate in a placement training and selection process in semester one (ten hours of workshops and interviews).
• 10 hours of independent study (preparation of the written report and the oral presentation)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The unit will cover a number of important topics in the area of computational drug design

1. Structure-based drug design (SBDD): docking, conformational and orientational searching (posing) and scoring methods; applications of SBDD in virtual screening and de novo drug design
2. Molecular databases: Representations of molecular data, molecular and biological databases.
3. Molecular properties: Prediction of molecular properties, molecular similarity.
4. Computational lead optimisation: pharmacophores, molecular interaction fields, experimental design, compound selection, factorial design, Craig plots.
5. An introduction to bioinformatics and its application to drug development
6. Protein structure: protein homology and homology modelling

During the course of this unit, students will learn about a number of advanced computational technologies specifically implemented in the pharmaceutical sciences.

Students will be expected to:

1. Understand selected concepts and techniques underpinning computational drug design
2. Be able to apply knowledge of these techniques in predicting and evaluating drug-target interactions
3. Develop their ability to engage with the current literature and critically interpret research publications

End of semester written exam - 60%; Laboratory component and computational drug design assignment - 40%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• eighteen 1-hour lectures (12 face-to-face lectures plus 6 hours active learning
• five 2 hour workshops
• five 3-hour computer laboratories

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The objective of this unit is to provide students with an opportunity to develop their research, teamwork and communication skills by producing scientifically sound solutions to a real local industry formulation problem applying surfactant molecules. Students will create, apply and test development tools (in conjunction with PSC3231) in the context of a real world unknown problem under the supervision of an industry mentor. Students are professionally and genuinely judged by their professional mentors and it raises their sense of responsibility exponentially and improves employability.

Cases will be drawn from

• agrochemicals
• personal care products
• detergents
• paints
• cosmetics

After completing this unit students will be expected to be able to:

1. Develop a communication strategy with industry mentors
2. Define a research strategy to find, evaluate and organise authoritative and relevant information needed to solve the problem based on the theory and use of surfactants;
3. Synthesize findings, select relevant experimental factors to be studied to solve the problem
4. Design an experimental protocol to investigate selected factors' effects
5. Conduct the experiments according to industry standards and organise generated data
6. Methodically and systematically analyze data, critically discuss and interpret observed phenomena
7. Communicate scientific findings and conclusions in a professional scientific context
8. Work effectively in teams

In semester assessment 80%; final oral examination 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty two hours laboratories
• Forty hours workshops

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will explore the regulatory aspects of the development and commercialisation of pharmaceutical products, including quality, intellectual property, market authorisation, dossier submission processes and marketing.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the organisation of quality assurance in pharmaceutics and apply the relevant concepts to case studies
2. Describe the categories of good manufacturing practice (GMP) elements, interpret and apply relevant principles of GMP in selected areas of pharmaceutical product development in the context of total quality
3. Find and apply relevant pharmaceutical guidelines of worldwide regulatory bodies to case studies including clinical trials
4. Understand the principles of intellectual property that apply to the development of pharmaceutical products
5. Describe the submission and approval process for pharmaceutical products to stringent regulatory authorities
6. Describe marketing regulations and controls related to commercialising pharmaceutical products
7. Work in teams and apply critical thinking, communication and problem solving skills

60% in-semester assessment, 40% final assessment

Contact hours for on-campus students:

72 hours of workshops and consultation hours

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

One aim of this unit is to improve student skills in information literacy and scientific writing. The second aim is for students to identify and research issues and questions to develop their knowledge of biomolecular pharmaceutical products. Students will undertake literature searches addressing the manufacture, purification and formulation of these products. The unit is compatible with Monash University's goals for research lead teaching.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Explain the steps involved in industrial-scale cell culture mediated production and purification of a recombinant protein pharmaceutical active
2. Describe the structure and function of excipients required for formulation of biomolecules
3. Design a formulated biomolecular pharmaceutical product

Online modules (and reports) 10% each (20%); Individual assignment 20%, oral presentation 10%; Written assignment report 50%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty-four 1-hour lectures
• Six 1-hour applieds/workshops

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This subject will cover advanced drug delivery nanotechnologies and parenteral formulations.

This will involve three main modules:

1. Drug delivery nanotechnologies
   • micelles
   • emulsions
   • microemulsions
   • liposomes
   • nanosuspensions
   • cyclodextrins
   • lipid based oral formulations
2. Characterization
   • microscopy
   • internal structure
   • surface properties
   • drug encapsulation and release
3. Diagnostics and imaging applications of nanotechnologies
   • imaging modalities
   • nanotechnologies in bioimaging

Describe the principles behind the formulation of nanotechnology drug delivery systems, and the way they behave in invitro and in vivo environments.Describe, and conduct in laboratories, the methods of characterization of nanotech drug delivery systems. Describe different modes of imaging and how nanotechnology can be used to improve imaging techniques. Describe typical approaches to diagnostics and describe the role of advanced formulation and nanotechnologies in modern diagnostics.

Final exam: 60%; Laboratory Reports: 30%; In semester Week 6 online MCQ test: 10%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty four 1-hour group preparation exercises for lecture workshops
• Twenty four 1-hour lecture workshops
• Eight 3-hour laboratories

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

The objective of this unit is to provide students with an opportunity to develop their research, teamwork and communication skills by producing scientifically sound solutions to an authentic complex pharmaceutical formulation problem. On successful completion of this unit and PSC3211 (co-requisite), students will have developed a systematic approach to experimentation that includes the creation and application of their own suite of documents and scientific templates (assignments) that are relevant in all contexts involving new product development. They will also develop the critical thinking skills necessary in the process of making professional informed decisions about the design of a scientific investigation as well as in the interpretation and communication of results that will improve their employability.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Define a research strategy to find, evaluate and organise authoritative and relevant information needed to solve the problem.
2. Synthesize findings, select relevant experimental factors (API, excipients and process) to be studied to solve the problem and predict their impact on tablet performance (testing).
3. Master the use of Design of Experiment (DoE) statistical tool recommended by current pharmaceutical guidelines by designing and testing an automated user-friendly professional program on MS Excel.
4. Design a DoE experimental protocol precise enough to be used by any technically qualified person, to investigate selected factors' effects.
5. Conduct the experiments according to industry standards to produce and test tablets.
6. Methodically and systematically analyze data using the DoE, critically discuss and interpret observed phenomena and relate to the initial hypotheses raised.
7. Communicate scientific findings and conclusions.
8. Work effectively in teams.

In-semester assessment 100%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Thirty two hours laboratories
• Forty hours workshops

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide students with a four-week experience working in a research or industry setting relevant to formulation science. Students will participate in a hands-on project at the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) or at an industry site under the supervision of an academic staff member or industry mentor.

The research/industry project will give students the opportunity to expand their scientific understanding and laboratory skills and to practice their ability to work in a professional environment.

In addition students will participate in activities to develop their job seeking and career planning skills, for example, writing resumes, job applications and cover letters, and interview techniques.

After successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify areas of interest for their future career;
2. Participate effectively in interviews and write a professional resume;
3. Work safely and effectively in a professional environment;
4. Design an evidence-based experimental approach to solving a problem or research question;
5. Conduct an experimental investigation including data documentation, analysis and interpretation;
6. Communicate the project outcomes in written and oral form;
7. Reflect on their professional experience.

Written report: 60%; Laboratory work: 20%; Oral presentation: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 20 x 7 hours of laboratory work

Additional requirements:

• Students will participate in a placement training and selection process in semester one (ten hours of workshops and interviews).
• 10 hours of independent study (preparation of the written report and the oral presentation)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

To introduce 3rd year pharmaceutical science students to essential elements of microbiology and immunology. In the process, students will develop their abilities to integrate microbiological and immunological concepts and apply these to a limited number of applications contained within the unit and as a basis for later work in other subjects within the pharmaceutical sciences.

This will involve the study of:

• bacteria (general principles and microbial genetics)
• eukaryotic microbes
• virology
• epidemiology
• immunology
• microbiological diseases (diseases and host responses)

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. demonstrate fundamental concepts in microbiology and associated immunology including basic technologies, classification of microorganisms, principles of microbial genetics, and immunological processes;
2. evaluate and differentiate basic microbiological laboratory techniques and how to apply these to the identification of different types of pathogenic microorganisms;
3. demonstrate an appreciation of factors involved in contamination control and control of infectious diseases;
4. illustrate the ecological role of microorganisms and analyse interactions between microorganisms and the host including interactions with humans and the principles of immunology and epidemiology.

Final exam (2 hour): 60%; mid-semester test: 10%; on-going laboratories and assignments: 30%.

• Twenty-six 1 hour lectures
• One 1-hour mid-semester test
• Four 3-hour laboratories/workshops
• Thirty-eight hours of directed independent study/active learning

See also Unit timetable information

This unit investigates in detail disorders involving the nervous system, and provides the relationship between the pathophysiology of these diseases and the rational design and use of drugs. Students will review the structure and function of the nervous system and important aspects of neurotransmission and cell signalling, and will then consider in detail exemplar disorders involving the nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, pain, and multiple sclerosis, and disorders affecting blood-brain barrier function. The aspects of these disease states which are amenable to pharmacotherapy will be discussed in detail and students will perform a number of tasks which will help with the development of critical thinking skills.

After completing this unit, students should be able to:

1. Describe the normal physiology of the central nervous system
2. For each disease or disorder, be able to explain the pathogenesis and the signs and symptoms of the disease, and relate these to the pathophysiology
3. Describe the diagnosis, risk factors / epidemiology and the burden of the disease on society
4. Explain the mechanism of action of current treatment options, explain their rationale of use, advantages and disadvantages, side effects and other limitations
5. Build a learning portfolio that:
   • Includes discussion of relevant biological models, preclinical and clinical issues, and a proposed investigation into a novel therapeutic option
   • Proposes new targets for therapeutic interventions or identifies areas of the pathophysiology yet to be exploited
   • Describes and evaluates relevant biological disease models
   • Investigates current research efforts, both preclinical and clinical, and identifies how novel therapeutic interventions may be assessed for efficacy within current models, or proposes new methods of investigation

• 10%: two in-semester tests assessing lecture material
• 15%: three workshops, worth 5% each
• 30%: a 2,000 word report/learning portfolio
• 45%: end-of-semester exam (2 hours)

Contact hours for on-campus students:

Thirty 1-hour lectures

Five 1-hour applieds

Three 3-hour workshops

Two 40 minute in-semester tests

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will introduce students to cancer cell biology. The specific topics covered include The Nature of Cancer, Cellular Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor Genes, Growth Factor Receptors and Cytoplasmic Signalling, Multistep Tumorigenesis, and Invasion & Metastasis.

At the end of this unit students will be able to discuss:

1. What, in a cellular context, cancers represent;
2. How cells usually prevent their own uncontrolled growth;
3. Common signalling underlying tumor growth;

   Furthermore students should be able to use this knowledge to:

4. Answer specific questions around the pathophysiology of cancer cell growth;
5. Use sound scientific principles and inquiry-based approaches to design, undertake and analyse experiments that increase our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cancer cell growth

Final exam: 60%; Mid-semester test, laboratory work and learning exercises 40%.

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• Twenty four 1-hour lectures
• One 2-hour workshop
• Four 3-hour laboratories
• Directed independent study

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide students with a preliminary training in research in Drug Discovery Biology pharmaceutical science within the faculty as well as provide the This unit will provide students with a four-week experience working in a research or industry setting relevant to drug discovery biology. Students will participate in a hands-on project at the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) or at an industry site under the supervision of an academic staff member or industry mentor.

The research/industry project will give students the opportunity to expand their scientific understanding and laboratory skills and to practice their ability to work in a professional environment.

In addition students will participate in activities to develop their job seeking and career planning skills, for example, writing resumes, job applications and cover letters, and interview techniques.knowledge of research philosophy and approaches.

Students will participate in a hands-on research project within the Department of Drug Discovery Biology at Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) under the supervision of an academic staff member. The project will enhance students' skills in all aspects of research.

In addition students participate in activities to develop their job seeking and career planning skills, for example, writing resumes, job applications and cover letters, and interview techniques.

After successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:

1. Identify areas of interest for their future career;
2. Participate effectively in interviews and write a professional resume;
3. Work safely and effectively in a professional environment;
4. Design an evidence-based experimental approach to solving a problem or research question;
5. Conduct an experimental investigation including data documentation, analysis and interpretation;
6. Communicate the project outcomes in written and oral form;
7. Reflect on their professional experience.

Written report: 60%;Laboratory work: 20%; Oral presentation: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 20 x 7 hours of laboratory work

Additional requirements:

• Students will participate in a placement training and selection process in semester one (ten hours of workshops and interviews).
• 10 hours of independent study (preparation of the written report and the oral presentation)

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This 12-credit point unit aims to provide students with an extensive foundation for the development of research skills in the area of medicinal chemistry in preparation for honours research. Students will conduct advanced medicinal chemistry research encompassing one or more of the core competencies that underpin the medicinal chemistry of the degree program, namely:

• synthetic organic chemistry
• chemical analysis and characterisation
• structural biology & x-ray crystallography
• computational chemistry
• biophysical techniques
• biochemistry

In addition, students participate in activities to develop their job seeking and career planning skills, for example, writing resumes, job applications and cover letters and interview techniques.

At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. to demonstrate an enhanced understanding and ability to interpret aspects of the basic science concepts supporting medicinal chemistry.
2. competently undertake a review of the literature and present a comprehensive evaluation of the literature.
3. demonstrate some basic skills in developing and planning a research project.
4. competently use relevant analytical instrumentation, design and conduct experimental procedures and methodologies.
5. undertake data manipulation and analysis and have a detailed understanding of the results.
6. communicate the outcomes of the project in the form of an oral presentation and a written scientific report in the form of a journal publication.
7. develop their job seeking and career planning skills

Written report (mini-thesis): 60%; Laboratory work: 20% (supervisor's mark including initiative. technical capacity, teamwork, and project understanding); Oral presentation: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 160 hours of laboratories

Additional requirements:

• 128 hours of independent study

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

Students will conduct advanced research in formulation field and will apply the knowledge and formulation tools learnt in previous units.

This 12-credit point unit aims to provide students with an extensive foundation for the development of research skills in the area of formulation science in preparation for honours research.At the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Find, critically evaluate and select relevant information needed to solve the formulation/project problem
2. Synthetise the relevant information and create a literature review report with references
3. Create a precise experimental protocol (applying a Plackett Burman or Factorial Design of Experiment seen in PSC3231 if appropriate) to conduct an accurate scientific investigation to resolve the formulation/project challenge
4. Safely and appropriately operate required manufacturing and/or testing equipment to precisely conduct the experimental plan and collect data
5. Critically evaluate and accurately analyze results generated
6. Raise logic and significant hypotheses on the explanation of the observed phenomena.
7. Communicate the results in a thorough written scientific report based on findings and develop a logic conclusion of the study with identification of possible next steps
8. Confidently communicate the results and interpretation in a oral presentation
9. Interact with team members, take initiatives, solve problems, organise scientific investigation, self manage their time and workload,

Written report (mini-thesis): 60%; Oral presentation: 20%; Soft skills: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 160 hours research project

Additional requirements:

• 128 hours of independent study

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

This unit will provide students with an extensive foundation in research in Drug Discovery Biology pharmaceutical science within the faculty as well as provide the knowledge of research philosophy and approaches.

Students will participate in a hands-on research project within the Department of Drug Discovery Biology at Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) under the supervision of an academic staff member. The project will enhance students' skills in all aspects of research.

The aim of this unit is to provide students the opportunity to gain skills in research and an understanding of current research activities within the faculty. The unit is designed for the student who may wish to pursue further study in research-orientated postgraduate programs.

At the end of this elective, students will be able to:

1. Undertake and present a critical evaluation of the literature that describes recent advances in pharmaceutical research with a focus on their area of research ;
2. Demonstrate skills in defining a hypothesis, designing an approach to test the hypothesis, planning experiments, undertaking experiments, analysing and interpreting data and writing a research report;
3. Demonstrate competence in using analytical instrumentation;
4. Discuss basic research philosophies and approaches.
5. Communicate outcomes of the project.

Written report (mini-thesis): 60%;Laboratory work: 20% (supervisor's mark including initiative, technical capacity, teamwork and project understanding);Oral presentation: 20%

Contact hours for on-campus students:

• 160 hours research project

Additional requirements:

• 128 hours of independent study

See also Unit timetable information

http://www.monash.edu/pharm/current/

Students will attend advanced compulsory course work sessions including non-assessable introductory programs, and assessable coursework components relevant to medicinal chemistry. The coursework will be taught within the research theme. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting. The coursework program will be overseen by the Faculty Graduate Research Committee.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the medicinal chemistry research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 25% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit will generally be confined to first semester and include a combination of tutorials, research specific lectures, non-assessable and assessable written work, (or examinations) relevant to the coursework material within their research area.

The other 75% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4112 unit.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will conduct a research project under the guidance and supervision of a member of the academic staff of the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences theme: Medicinal Chemistry. The research project will be carried out according to the conventions of the chosen research area and in an established academic/research environment. Students will receive regular advice from their supervisors on the rationale and design of the research project, instruction in the relevant experimental techniques, feedback on the outcomes of their investigations, guidance in the presentation of their research findings, and ongoing assistance in learning methodologies. At the conclusion of the research project the findings will be presented in a mini research thesis. Students will receive advice and guidance, within specified guidelines, from their supervisors on the preparation and presentation of a research thesis with support from Faculty and University education support programs. The thesis will be examined by internal examiners and by the supervisor evaluation.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the medicinal chemistry research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 75% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit will include the following:

• Thesis 50%
• Final oral presentation 10%
• Thesis viva 15%

The other 25% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4111 unit.

The student will be required to conduct a literature review relevant to their research project and present a non-assessed preliminary oral presentation early in their candidature. This presentation will provide their interpretation of the background behind the project and the techniques required to conduct the research project.

The preparation of the mini-thesis throughout the candidature will be guided closely by the supervisor at all times.

Coursework activities (PSC4111) will be conducted jointly to support the progression of the research work and the preparation of the final thesis. The final oral presentation is the culmination of the year's work and should reflect the findings obtained, the students' interpretation of these and the conclusion they draw from their investigations.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will attend advanced compulsory course work sessions including non-assessable introductory programs, and assessable coursework components relevant to formulation science. The coursework will be taught within the research theme. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting. The coursework program will be overseen by the Faculty Graduate Research Committee.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the formulation science research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a chemical laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 25% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit Course work activities will generally be confined to first semester and include a combination of tutorials, research specific lectures, non-assessable and assessable written work, (or examinations) relevant to the coursework material within their research area.

The other 75% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4212 unit.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will conduct a research project under the guidance and supervision of a member of the academic staff of the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences theme of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics). The research project will be carried out according to the conventions of the chosen research area and in an established academic/research environment. Students will receive regular advice from their supervisors on the rationale and design of the research project, instruction in the relevant experimental techniques, feedback on the outcomes of their investigations, guidance in the presentation of their research findings, and ongoing assistance in learning methodologies. At the conclusion of the research project the findings will be presented in a mini research thesis. Students will receive advice and guidance, within specified guidelines, from their supervisors on the preparation and presentation of a research thesis with support from Faculty and University education support programs. The thesis will be examined by internal examiners and by the supervisor evaluation.

At the completion of this unit the participant will:

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the formulation science research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 75% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit will include the following:

• Thesis 50%
• Final oral presentation 10%
• Thesis viva 15%

The other 25% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4211 unit.

The student will be required to conduct a literature review relevant to their research project and present a non-assessed preliminary oral presentation early in their candidature. This presentation will provide their interpretation of the background behind the project and the techniques required to conduct the research project.

The preparation of the mini-thesis throughout the candidature will be guided closely by the supervisor at all times.

Coursework activities (PSC4211) will be conducted jointly to support the progression of the research work and the preparation of the final thesis. The final oral presentation is the culmination of the years work and should reflect the findings obtained, the students' interpretation of these and the conclusion they draw from their investigations.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will attend advanced compulsory course work sessions including non-assessable introductory programs, and assessable coursework components relevant to drug discovery biology. The coursework will be taught within the research theme. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting. The coursework program will be overseen by the Faculty Graduate Research Committee.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the drug discovery biology research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a laboratory (if relevant)
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of laboratory-based/or otherwise studies
6. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 25% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit Course work activities will generally be confined to first semester and include a combination of tutorials, research specific lectures, non-assessable and assessable written work, (or examinations) relevant to the coursework material within their research area.

The other 75% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4312 unit.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will conduct a research project under the guidance and supervision of a member of the academic staff of the Drug Discovery Biology theme. The research project will be carried out according to the conventions of the chosen research area and in an established academic/research environment. Students will receive regular advice from their supervisors on the rationale and design of the research project, instruction in the relevant experimental techniques, feedback on the outcomes of their investigations, guidance in the presentation of their research findings, and ongoing assistance in learning methodologies. At the conclusion of the research project the findings will be presented in a mini research thesis. Students will receive advice and guidance, within specified guidelines, from their supervisors on the preparation and presentation of a research thesis with support from Faculty and University education support programs. The thesis will be examined by internal examiners and by the supervisor evaluation.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the drug discovery biology field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for a laboratory
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to present scientific results in a style suitable for publication
6. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 75% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit will include the following:

• Thesis 50%
• Final oral presentation 10%
• Thesis viva 15%
• The other 25% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4311 unit.

The student will be required to conduct a literature review relevant to their research project and present a non-assessed preliminary oral presentation early in their candidature. This presentation will provide their interpretation of the background behind the project and the techniques required to conduct the research project.

The preparation of the mini-thesis throughout the candidature will be guided closely by the supervisor at all times.

Coursework activities (PSC4311) will be conducted jointly to support the progression of the research work and the preparation of the final thesis. The final oral presentation is the culmination of the years work and should reflect the findings obtained, the students' interpretation of these and the conclusion they draw from their investigations.

The assessment for research is worth 75% of the overall final mark.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will attend advanced compulsory course work sessions including non-assessable introductory programs, and assessable coursework components relevant to medicine use and safety. The coursework will be taught within the research theme. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting. The coursework program will be overseen by the Faculty Graduate Research Committee.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the medicine use and safety research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for research in medicine use and safety
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of research studies
6. Be able to present research results in a style suitable for publication
   1. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 25% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit Course work activities will generally be confined to first semester and include a combination of tutorials, research specific lectures, non-assessable and assessable written work, (or examinations) relevant to the coursework material within their research area.

The assessment for coursework is worth 25% of the overall final mark.

The other 75% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4412 unit.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information

Students will conduct a research project under the guidance and supervision of a member of the academic staff of the Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS). The research project will be carried out according to the conventions of the chosen research area and in an established academic/research environment. Students will receive regular advice from their supervisors on the rationale and design of the research project, instruction in the relevant experimental techniques, feedback on the outcomes of their investigations, guidance in the presentation of their research findings, and ongoing assistance in learning methodologies. At the conclusion of the research project the findings will be presented in a mini research thesis. Students will receive advice and guidance, within specified guidelines, from their supervisors on the preparation and presentation of a research thesis with support from Faculty and University education support programs. The thesis will be examined by internal examiners and by the supervisor evaluation.

At the completion of this unit the participant will;

1. Have gained insight into the breadth and diversity of the medicine use and safety research field
2. Be proficient in safe work practices for research in medicine use and safety
3. Be able to critically review the scientific literature in their discipline
4. Have a detailed understanding of the processes involved in the design, development and implementation of a research project
5. Be able to execute and analyse a set of research studies
6. Be able to present research results in a style suitable for publication
7. Have the capability to pursue higher studies and learning in the pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences discipline

This unit is 75% of the overall course mark. The assessment for this unit will include the following:

• Thesis 50%
• Final oral presentation 10%
• Thesis viva 15%

The other 25% of the course mark comes from the student's assessment in the PSC4411 unit.

The student will be required to conduct a literature review relevant to their research project and present a non-assessed preliminary oral presentation early in their candidature. This presentation will provide their interpretation of the background behind the project and the techniques required to conduct the research project.

The preparation of the mini-thesis throughout the candidature will be guided closely by the supervisor at all times.

Coursework activities will be conducted jointly to support the progression of the research work and the preparation of the final thesis. The final oral presentation is the culmination of the years' work and should reflect the findings obtained, the students' interpretation of these and the conclusion they draw from their investigations.

Oral presentations, staff directed study and self-directed study. Students will undertake coursework study equivalent to a minimum 40 hours of contact which directly supports the research project they are conducting.

See also Unit timetable information