Dr Christopher Porter
60 lectures, 10 tutorials and 57 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to provide students with a detailed knowledge and understanding of the formulation of more complex dosage forms including solids and multiphase systems; the principles and factors affecting the delivery of oral dose forms; the concept of bioavailability and bioequivalence; and the basic concepts in pharmacokinetics.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Properties of polymers and excipients. Molecular weight and viscosity, thickening agents, phase separation, gel formulation, coacervation, ideal properties.
Properties of powders. Particle size and distributions, particle size determination, flow properties.
Unit operations. Particle size reduction, powder mixing, drying, fluidisation, powder handling.
Tabletting. Formulation and granulation of tablets, manufacturing processes, special tablets, weight, content and physical uniformity, excipient interaction, in vitro disintegration and dissolution tests and requirements.
Capsules. Hard and soft gelatin capsule walls, stability of macrocapsules, in vitro testing, in vitro/in vivo correlations. Manufacture of different types of microcapsules. Advantages and disadvantages of capsules.
Disperse systems. Colloidal systems, kinetic, optical, electrical properties of solid-liquid dispersions, electrical and steric stabilisation of solid-liquid dispersions, nucleation and ageing.
Foams. Stability of foams, choice of surfactant, antifoaming agents.
Aerosols. Liquified and compressed aerosol propellants; two-phase aerosols; three-phase aerosols; aerosol formulation; aerosol stability; non-pressure pack aerosols, atomisers, packaging, containers.
Stability. Physical stability of dosage forms including water adsorption, non-chemical loss, polymorphic transitions, dispersed system changes.
Biopharmaceutics. Structure and properties of membranes. Mechanisms of drug transfer across membranes. Effect of ionisation. pH-partition hypothesis. Bioavailability, bioequivalence, bioavailability studies, case studies.
Pharmacokinetics. Plasma level-time curves. Compartment models. Volume of distribution. Elimination. Clearance absorptin. Physiological approach to clearance.
Nineteen 3-hour practical sessions
Practical classes are designed to provide experience in the preparation of certain pharmaceutical dose forms and reinforcement of the principles of pharmaceutics covered in the lecture series.
Recommended texts
Florence A T and Attwood D Physicochemical principles of
pharmacy 2nd edn, Macmillan, 1988
Martindale W The extra pharmacopoeia 31st edn, Pharmaceutical Press,
1996
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia Australian pharmaceutical formulary
15th edn, PSA, 1992
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Office consolidation 2nd edn, PBV, 1987
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Pharmacy board guidelines PBV, 1997
Shargel L and Yu A B C Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics 3rd
edn, Appleton and Lange, 1993
Shaw D J Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry 4th edn,
Butterworths-Heinemann, 1992
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics II laboratory manuals VCP,
1998
Reference books
Avis K E and others Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Parenteral
medications vol. 1, 2nd edn, Dekker, 1992
Aulton M E (ed.) Pharmaceutics, the science of dosage form design
Churchill Livingstone, 1988
Collett D M and Aulton M E Pharmaceutical practice Churchill
Livingstone, 1990
Gibaldi M Biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics 4th edn, Lea
and Febiger, 1991
Lachman L and others The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy 3rd
edn, Lea and Febiger, 1986
Martin A N and others Physical pharmacy 4th edn, Lea and Febiger,
1993
Parrott E L Pharmaceutical technology Burgess, 1970
Pharmaceutical Press The pharmaceutical codex 12th edn,
Pharmaceutical Press, 1994
USP United States pharmacopoeia 23rd revision, USP Convention, 1995
Journal references
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutical Research
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Dr Ted Lloyd
67 lectures, 13 tutorials and 66 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to build on the basic physical and organic chemistry taught in `Medicinal chemistry I', and to apply it to aspects of chemistry relevant to pharmacy.
The lecture course will be presented in two semester units. Students will be advised of the topics in each unit at the beginning of the first semester.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Autonomic nervous system agents. Cholinergic system: muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; structure and activity of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase; reversible and irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase; treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning; cholinergic blocking agents and their use as muscle relaxants; degradation of muscle relaxants. Adrenergic system: structure and function of noradrenaline; inactivation of noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catecholamine-0-methyl transferase; a- and b-adrenoceptors; chemistry of a-adrenergic antagonists; chemistry and selectivity of b-active agents.
Structural determination and analysis of drugs. Molecular geometry, symmetry, isomerism, configuration, conformation, conformational analysis; the use of conformationally restricted analogues in determining receptor structure and the shape of active drugs; preparation of homochiral compounds, implications of stereo-chemistry for drug design and delivery. NMR, IR, UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry - underlying processes and applications in the pharmaceutical industry; interpretation of spectra; identification of compounds using spectroscopic techniques.
Reactivity and molecular interactions of drugs. Differences between aromatic and aliphatic compounds; resonance theory and stabilisation, acid/base properties; linear free-energy relationships, Hammett plots, sigma and rho values, effect of substituents on drug stability; steric effects; structure-activity relationships in local anaesthetics; heterocyclic aromatic compounds - nomenclature and properties, role of heterocyclic compounds in biological systems. Catalysis of reactions, particularly ester and amide hydrolysis; pH rate profiles; transition-state stabilisation, general acid and general base catalysis, nucleophilic catalysis, metal-ion catalysis, and their role in reactions catalysed by enzymes; pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes; enzymes as targets for drugs.
Energy changes in biological processes. Reversible, irreversible and spontaneous processes; disorder, entropy, free energy; equilibrium constants; entropy and enthalpy-driven processes; coupled reactions; measurement of DG; calculation of free-energy changes, van't Hoff plots; applications of thermodynamic concepts to biochemical reactions, conformational equilibria, phase transitions, and drug-receptor interactions.
Biologically important macromolecules and their interactions. Chemistry of the peptide bond; factors affecting primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins; functional groups involved in binding of drugs to protein; thermodynamics of drug binding, stereochemistry, drug binding and the three-dimensional structure of proteins; techniques involved in determining protein structure. Structure and properties of biologically relevent carbohydrates.
Clinical chemistry. Types and units of radiation, maximum doses, background radiation; protection required for different forms of radiation; technetium generators and production of isotopes of pharmaceutical interest; preparation of radiopharmaceutical dose forms; X-ray and radio-isotopic imaging; the use of isotopes in sterilisation. Activity, ionic strength, junction potentials; Debye-Huckel theory, Ferguson principle for drug equi-action; ion-selective electrodes, pH measurements, amperometric electrodes, and their role in pharmacy/clinical chemistry; composition of pharmaceutical glasses; biological cell potentials. Sampling techniques, clinical stick devices, tests for nitrate, pH, glucose, protein and cholesterol, and their clinical significance; tests for enzymes and lipoproteins; drug interferences in clinical tests. Liquid-liquid distribution, extraction efficiency; principles underlying HPLC, gas, gas-liquid, partition and thin-layer chromatography; relationship between pH, drug structure, dissolution medium and drug distribution, electrophoresis.
Steroids and prostaglandins. Structural relationships and functions of the steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, anti-inflammatory agents, sex hormones, prostaglandins and related agents.
66 hours of practical work.
Practical classes are designed to reinforce chemical principles taught in the lecture series and to illustrate the analytical bases of quality assurance for pharmaceutical products. Emphasis is placed on technique and general methods. Performance in laboratory classes is taken into account in assessing students' results in this subject.
Recommended texts
As prescribed for `Medicinal chemistry I' and
Solomons T W G Organic chemistry 6th edn, Wiley, 1996
Victorian College of Pharmacy Medicinal chemistry II laboratory
manual VCP, 1998
Reference books
As prescribed for `Medicinal chemistry I' and
Branden C and Tooze J Introduction to protein structure Garland, 1991
Chang R Physical chemistry with applications to biological systems 2nd
edn, Macmillan, 1981
Delgado I N and Remers W A Wilson and Gisvold's `Textbook of organic
medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry' 9th edn, Lippincott, 1991
Fersht A R Enzyme structure and mechanism 2nd edn, Freeman, 1985
Field L D Organic structures from spectra 2nd edn, Wiley, 1995
Florence A T and Attwood D Physicochemical principles of pharmacy 2nd
edn, Macmillan, 1988
Foye W O Principles of medicinal chemistry 4th edn, Lea and Febiger,
1995
Furniss B S and others Vogel's `Textbook of practical organic
chemistry' 5th edn, Longman, 1989
Griffiths P J F and Thomas J D R Calculations in advanced physical
chemistry 3rd edn, Arnold, 1983
Jeffrey G H and others Vogel's `Textbook of quantitative chemical
analysis' 5th edn, Longman, 1989
Kaplan L A and Pesce A J Clinical chemistry 3rd edn, Mosby, 1996
Kemp W NMR in chemistry, a multinuclear introduction MacMillan, 1986
Martin A N and others Physical pharmacy 4th edn, Lea and Febiger,
1993
Moran L A and others Biochemistry 2nd edn, N Patterson, 1994
Selinger B Chemistry in the marketplace 4th edn, Harcourt, 1989
Silverman R B The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action
Academic, 1992
Silverstein R M and others Spectrometric identification of organic compounds
5th edn, Wiley, 1991
Sykes P A guidebook to mechanism in organic chemistry 6th edn, Longman,
1986
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
The overall subject consists of two components (i) a section dealing with systematic pharmacology and (ii) a basic course in biochemistry. The principal aim of the pharmacology course is to provide students with a knowledge of systematic pharmacology based on drug groups and to extend physiological and pathophysiological concepts in relation to the uses of drugs, their mechanisms of action and their side effects.
The aim of the biochemistry course is to provide students with an understanding of biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical concepts as a base for later work in other subjects within the pharmaceutical sciences.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
* Pharmacology
73 lectures, 10 tutorials and 39 hours of practical work.
Pharmacology of neuroeffector systems. Humoral transmission. Historical background. Synthesis, storage, release, metabolism and termination of action of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and other transmitters. Modulation of transmitter release. Pharmacological actions of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters. Drugs which mimic and antagonise the muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine. Skeletal neuromuscular function, myasthenia gravis, competitive and depolarising blocking drugs. Agonists and antagonists at a- and b-adrenoceptors. Drugs affecting the synthesis, storage, release and inactivation of neurotransmitters. The role of calcium in transmission and effector organ function. Membrane stabilisers and labilisers. Local anaesthetics. Neurotoxins and muscle toxins.
Autacoids. Synthesis, storage, release, metabolism and pharmacological actions of substances such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kinins, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. Substances released during anaphylaxis. Antigen-antibody reactions as they affect allergic and inflammatory states. Drugs used in the treatment of allergies, acute inflammatory conditions and collagen diseases.
Drug-receptor interaction. Receptors. Theories of drug action. Kinetics of drug-receptor interactions. The nature of agonists, antagonists, drug-receptor studies, receptor-response coupling, second messenger systems. Ion channels and their regulation.
Cardiovascular pathophysiology and pharmacology. Extension of cardiovascular anatomy and basic physiology covered in physiology to haemodynamics, pathophysiology and classes of drugs used to treat the different forms of hypertension. Cardiac output, its modulation, measurement and regulation. Pressures and flow in arteries, capillaries and veins, the systemic circulation, nervous and humoral control, auto-regulation. Blood flow through special regions, the pulmonary, coronary, splanchnic, muscle and skin circulation. Integrative analysis of the circulation. Hypertension and its consequences. Antihypertensive drugs including: drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system, angiotensin antagonists, ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, potassium channel openers, mechanisms of action, side effects and clinical uses.
Renal physiology and pharmacology. Ultrastructure of the kidney. The formation of urine. Active transport systems in the nephron, competition, saturation and inhibition. Diuretics, mechanisms of action. Mobilisation of oedema fluid. Treatment of diuretic-induced hypokalemia. Aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system, spironolactone. Renal disease and regulation of acid-base and water balance.
The central nervous system. Anatomy of the human brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves. Blood supply, cerebrospinal fluid. Location of sensory, motor and association areas. Somatic and autonomic reflex arcs. CNS transmitters and their function. Sensory pathways with particular relevance to pain. Pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems. Control of spasticity. Medullary and hypothalamic function. Basic pharmacology of morphine and opioids, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and antagonists, phenothiazines, central muscle relaxants, antidepressants, hallucinogens and methylxanthines.
Practical
Practical classes are designed to provide experience through in vivo and in vitro experiments, seminars and discussion groups to illustrate and extend principles discussed in the lecture course.
Recommended texts
Ganong W F Review of medical physiology 17th edn,
Appleton and Lange, 1995
Guyton A C and Hall J E Human physiology and mechanisms of disease 6th
edn, Saunders, 1997
Katzung B G Basic and clinical pharmacology 7th edn, Appleton and Lange,
1997
Rang H P and Dale M M Pharmacology 3rd edn, Churchill Livingstone,
1995
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmacology I laboratory manual VCP,
1998
Reference books
Clarke W G and others Goth's `Medical
pharmacology' 13th edn, Mosby, 1992
Goodman L S and Gilman A The pharmacological basis of therapeutics 9th
edn, Macmillan, 1996
Kenakin T Molecular pharmacology - a short course Blackwell, 1997
Laurence D R and Bennett P N Clinical pharmacology 8th edn, Churchill
Livingstone, 1997
Lullmann H and others Color atlas of pharmacology Thieme, 1993
Netter F H Heart (Ciba collection of medical illustration, vol. 5) Ciba
Foundation, 1969
Netter F H Nervous system (Ciba collection of medical illustration, vol.
1) rev. edn, Ciba Pharmaceutical, 1983-1986
Vander A J and others Human physiology 6th edn, McGraw-Hill, 1994
* Biochemistry
30 lectures, 6 tutorials and 15 hours of practical work
Proteins. Amino acid stereoisomerisation, amphoteric nature, classification by R groups, isoelectric point, biological amines. Peptide bonds, peptides as active biological molecules. Protein structure - secondary, tertiary and quaternary, -helix, SS-conformation, SS-turns conjugation. Cooperativity. Protein denaturation/renaturation. Enzyme classification and kinetics (role of enzymes and Michaelis-Menten kinetics). Enzyme regulation, enzyme inhibitors, drugs (eg ACE inhibitors, aspirin).
Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides (aldoses/ketones), stereo-isomerisation, /SS configuration, reducing sugars. Derivatives, disaccharides, polysaccharides, glycogen, peptideoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids.
Lipids and membranes. Fatty acids (saturated/unsaturated), triacylglycerols, waxes. Membrane lipids - glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols. Specific biological functions - steroid hormones, PIP2 hydrolysis, eicosanoids, fat soluble vitamins. Membrane fluidity and asymmetry (lipids and proteins). Peripheral and integral proteins. Lipoproteins and role in lipid transport.
Nucleotides/nucleic acids. Nucleotide structure, chemical energy, components of co-enzymes, monomers of nucleic acids. Nucleic acid structure. Phosphodiester bonds. DNA-strand complementarity, antiparallel strands. Chromosome structure and DNA organisation. RNA structure.
Central energy metabolism. Glycolysis - anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis; ATP production. Oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial structure, electron transfer chain, chemiosmotic theory. Citric acid cycle. Oxidation of acetylCoA to CO2 and production of reduced electron carriers, central role in metabolism, source of metabolic precursors, regulation within cycle.
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Glucose metabolism and regulation, gluconeogenesis. Glycogen metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway. -oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis. Fatty acid synthesis. Triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol synthesis. Strategies for lowering cholesterol levels (cholestyramine and lovastatin). Hormonal regulation and signal cascades.
Nitrogen metabolism. Essential amino acids, transamination, role of alanine, glutamine, glutamate, deamination, urea cycle, fate of carbon skeletons. Precursors of biologically active amines, role of creatine, NO synthesis, porphyrin synthesis. Nucleotide synthesis, degradation and regulation.
Integration of metabolism. Role of metabolic pathways and hormonal control in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Effect of different metabolic states (fed, fasting, excited) and the effect of disease (eg diabetes mellitus) on metabolic responses.
Molecular biology and information transfer. Gene structure, promoters, exons and introns. Regulation of gene expression. DNA replication. Roles of RNA transcription, primary transcripts, mRNA splicing, ribozyme. Ribosome structure. Translation. Polypeptide synthesis, post-translational modifications. Principles and techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology. Roles in diagnostics, medicine, and development of pharmaceuticals (e.g. human insulin, human growth factor).
Practical
Practical classes are designed to provide experience through experiments and discussion groups to illustrate and extend principles discussed in the lecture course.
Recommended texts
Horton H R Principles of biochemistry 2nd edn, Patterson,
1996
Lehninger A L Principles of biochemistry 2nd edn, Worth, 1993
Victorian College of Pharmacy Biochemistry laboratory manual VCP,
1998
Reference books
Alberts B and others Molecular biology of the cell 3rd
edn, Garland, 1994
Campbell P N and Smith A D Biochemistry illustrated 3rd edn, Churchill
Livingstone, 1994
Gilbert H F Basic concepts in biochemistry. A student's survival guide
McGraw-Hill, 1992
Murray R K and others Harper's biochemistry 24th edn, Appleton and
Lange, 1996
Stryer L Biochemistry 4th edn, Freeman, 1995
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Pharmacology
Dr Ian Griffith
39 lectures, 10 tutorials and 39 hours of practical work.
The aim of the subject is to provide students with a detailed knowledge and understanding of the pharmaceutical aspects of microbiology, mycology and parasitology.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Introductory microbiology. Historical development: microorganisms as a cause of disease. Occurrence and role of microbes in the biosphere. Principles of classification. Comparison of subcellular structures of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Summary treatment of microbial nutrition and energy production, and catabolic and anabolic processes. Synthesis of murein. Cell division. Spore formation and germination. Growth and death of microbes. Structure and reproduction of fungi and parasites of medical importance; their relationships with other organisms, and the biosphere. Structure and replication of viruses, methods of propagation.
Elementary microbial genetics. Population dynamics. Variation and adaptation. Expression and detection of mutation. Control of gene expression. Bacterial viruses, extrachromosomal elements, lysogeny. Transfer of genetic information; conjugation, transformation, transduction.
Host-parasite relationships. Nature of pathogens, parasites, commensals. Symbiosis. Transmissible disease, virulence, pathogenicity, invasiveness, infectivity, toxins, pyrogens. Barriers to infection: skin and mucosa, body secretions, resident microbial flora. Innate immunity: role of inflammation, complement, reticuloendothelial system.
Systematic microbiology. Distinguishing features of the principal groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites, with emphasis on differences in physiology, lifestyles, interaction with other life forms and potential for causing disease; principles of isolation and identification; potential as targets for anti-infective agents.
Immunology. Active and passive immunity. Structural components of the immune system: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, peripheral lymphoid tissue. Acquired specific immunity: humoral and cellular. Cytokines. Vaccines. Immunological tests. Mono-clonal antibodies.
Anti-infective agents. Selective toxicity, spectrum and classification of anti-infective agents. Modes of action of, and development of resistance to, anti-infectives. Summary treatment of the objectives of anti-infective therapy.
Epidemiology. Reservoirs of infection: means of transmission, carrier state, latent infections, alternate hosts, vectors. Epidemics and zoonoses. Methods of control. Quarantine: travel regulations. Public health issues; immunisation.
Ten 3-hour and nine 1-hour practical classes.
Practical classes are designed to provide `hands on' experience of some basic microbiological techniques involved in isolating, culturing, examining and identifying microorganisms, an acquaintance with aspects of diagnostic microbiology and evaluation of anti-microbial agents, and an introduction to aseptic technique and the principles and practice of preservation, disinfection and sterilisation.
Recommended texts
Black J G Microbiology: Principals and applications 3rd
edn, Prentice-Hall, 1996
Hugo W D and Russell A D Pharmaceutical microbiology 5th edn, Blackwell,
1992
Reference books
The Bantam medical dictionary rev. edn, Bantam, 1990
Benenson A S Control of communicable diseases manual 16th edn, American
Public Health Association, 1995
Block S Disinfection, sterilization and preservation 4th edn, Lea and
Febiger, 1991
Brooks G F and others Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's `Medical
microbiology' 20th edn, Appleton and Lange, 1995
Davis B D and others Microbiology 4th edn, Lippincott, 1990
Ketchum P A Microbiology: Concepts and applications Wiley, 1988
Madigan M T and others Brock: Biology of microorganisms 8th edn,
Prentice-Hall, 1997
Maurer I M Hospital hygiene 3rd edn, Edward Arnold, 1985
Mims C A Pathogenesis of infectious disease 4th edn, Academic Press,
1995
Mims C A and others Medical microbiology Mosby, 1993
Morello J A and others Microbiology in patient care 5th edn, Brown,
1994
Murray P R and others Medical microbiology 2nd edn, Mosby, 1994
National Health and Medical Research Council The Australian immunisation
procedures handbook 5th rev edn, AGPS, 1995
O'Grady F and others Antibiotic and chemotherapy 7th edn, Churchill
Livingstone, 1997
Phillips J and others The biology of disease Blackwell, 1995
Roitt I M and others Immunology 4th edn, Mosby, 1996
Schaechter M and others Mechanisms of microbial disease 2nd edn,
Williams and Wilkins, 1993
White D O and Fenner F J Medical virology 4th edn, Academic Press, 1994
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
Mr Arthur Pappas
42 lectures, 15 small group tutorials and 18 hours of practical work.
This subject follows on from `Pharmacy practice I' and concentrates on patients and their environment, with particular attention to the interaction between pharmacist and patient. It introduces the concepts of pharmaceutical care, including the recognition of potential or actual drug therapy problems and the application of problem solving skills to prevent or overcome them. In addition, this subject addresses the legal asects of the practice of pharmacy. Accordingly, the main aims of this subject are to provide students with a knowledge and understanding of the principles of counselling, illness behaviour, compliance, problem solving, and the legal underpinnings to the practice of pharmacy.
In this teaching program students are expected to develop:
Counselling and communications. Communication skills, professional-patient communication, interprofessional communication. Listening skills, barriers to communication, rapport, empathy, interviewing skills. Advanced counselling skills.
Patient compliance. The problem of non-compliance to health oriented regimens. Statistics and reasons for non-compliance to therapeutic regimens. The patient, the health care provider, the social milieu, the therapeutic regimen, the health belief system. Predictng, explaining and detecting non-compliance. Methods of improving compliance.
Patient education. Definition of health education, methods of health education, improving compliance. Practical recommendations to improve comprehension, recall and compliance. The principles of brevity, organisation, primacy, readability, repetition and specificity. Health promotion and disease prevention.
Social pharmacy. The influence of others on behaviour. Categorisation and its dangers in the patient-provider situation. Groups and behaviour, obedience and behaviour. Person perception, behaviour and the patient.
Illness behaviour. Definition. Parson's concept of role; the sick role; the well role. Social class and the sick role. Mechanic's Help Seeking Process. Suchman's five stages of the illness experience. Models of health behaviours. Medication taking behaviours.
The placebo. Historical perspective, definitions, incidence, mechanisms, practitioner behaviour and placebo effect, patient characteristics and placebo effect, patient-practitioner communication and placebo effect, situational determinants of placebo effects, social norms and the placebo effect, generalisability and the placebo effect, the placebo as a methodological tool, alternative therapies and the placebo effect.
Pharmaceutical care. Definition. Steps in the pharmaceutical care process. Drug therapy problems - definition, detection, prevention and resolution. Information retrieval and evaluation, problem solving.
Forensic pharmacy. Legislation applicable to drugs, medicines, poisons, and pharmacy generally, including the following Acts and Regulations: Pharmacists Act; Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act; Health Act; National Health Act; Animal Preparations Act; Therapeutic Goods Act; legal and professional responsibilities; professional conduct; pharmacy organisations in Australia.
Practical classes and small group tutorial sessions are designed to reinforce the lecture material by providing practical experience of dispensing, communication and counselling, information retrieval and evaluation, problem solving and the application of the pharmaceutical care process.
Recommended texts
Australian pharmaceutical formulary and handbook 16th
edn, PSA, 1997
Pharmacy Board of Victoria Office consolidation 2nd edn and amendments,
PBV, 1987
Quintrell N Communication skills. A handbook for pharmacists rev. edn,
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, 1994
Smith M C and Wertheimer A I Social and behavioural aspects of
pharmaceutical care Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1996
Victorian College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics II/Pharmacy practice II
laboratory manual VCP, 1998
Reference books
Australian prescription products guide APPCo, 1997
Drug information for the health care professional Vol. 1, USP-DI
Drug interaction facts Facts and comparisons (loose leaf service)
Fitzpatrick R and others The experience of illness Tavistock, 1984
Hansten P D and Horn J R (eds) Drug interactions and updates Applied
Therapeutics Inc.
Martindale W The extra pharmacopoeia 31st edn, Pharmaceutical Press,
1996
Mosby's medical nursing and allied health dictionary 4th edn, Mosby,
1994 (or other medical dictionary)
Journal references
Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin
Australian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
Australian Journal of Pharmacy
Australian Pharmacist
Australian Prescriber
Subject assessment will reflect the learning objectives outlined above. Methods of assessment will include:
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